Antibodies recognizing a carbohydrate containing epitope on CD-43 and CEA expressed on cancer cells and methods using same

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides antibodies (such as chimeric and humanized antibodies) specifically bind to an epitope on CD43 and CEA expressed on nonhematopoietic cancer cells. In addition, the present invention also provides use of the antibodies described herein for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the priority benefit of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/014,716, filed Dec. 18, 2007, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to antibodies (e.g., chimeric and humanized antibodies) that recognize a carbohydrate containing epitope on CD43 and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) expressed on nonhematopoietic tumor or cancer cells. These antibodies have the property of inducing cell death (e.g., apoptosis) in these nonhematopoietic tumor or cancer cells in the absence of cytotoxin conjugation and immune effector function. These antibodies are useful as diagnostic and therapeutic agents.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

CD43 (also named as sialophorin or leukosialin), a heavily sialylated molecule expresses at high levels on most human leukocytes including all T cells and platelets with a molecular weight ranging from 115,000 to 135,000. CD43 expression is defective on the T cells of males with the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, an X chromosome-linked recessive immunodeficiency disorder (Remold-O'Donnell et al. (1987) Blood 70(1):104-9; Remold-O'Donnel et al. (1984) J. Exp. Med. 159:1705-23).

Functional studies demonstrated that anti-CD43 monoclonal antibody stimulates the proliferation of peripheral blood T lymphocytes (Mentzer et al. (1987) J. Exp. Med. 1; 165 (5):1383-92; Park et al. (1991) Nature, 350:706-9) and the activation of monocytes (Nong et al. (1989) J. Exp. Med. 1:170(1):259-67). A monoclonal anti-CD43 antibody L11 blocks T cell binding to lymph node and Peyer's patch HEV. Antibody L11 inhibits T cell extravasation from the blood into organized secondary lymphoid tissues (McEvoy et al. (1997) J. Exp. Med. 185:1493-8). Monoclonal antibody recognizing CD43 molecule induces apoptosis of lineage marker-negative bone marrow hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) that express CD34 at a high density (Bazil et al. (1996) Blood, 87(4):1272-81.) and of human T-lymphoblastoid cells (Brown et al. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271:27686-95). Recent studies further indicated that CD43 functions as a ligand for E-selectin on human T cells (Matsumoto et al. (2005) J. Immunol. 175:8042-50; Fuhlbrigge et al. (2006) Blood, 107:1421-6).

Interestingly, scientists have also discovered that certain nonhematopoietic tumor cells, especially colorectal adenocarcinomas, do express CD43 molecules on the cell surface. Santamaria et al. (1996) Cancer Research, 56:3526-9: Baeckstrom et al. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270:13688-92; Baeckstrom et al. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272:11503-9; Sikut et al. (1997) Biochem. Biophy. Res. Commun. 238:612-6. It has been shown that glycans on CD43 expressed in a colon carcinoma cell line (COLO 205) are different from those of leukocyte CD43 (Baeckstrom et al. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272:11503-9). Although it has been suggested that over-expression of CD43 causes activation of the tumor suppressor protein p53 (Kadaja et al. (2004) Oncogene 23:2523-30) and suppresses a subset of NF-kappaB target genes, partly via the inhibition of p65 transcriptional activity (Laos et al. (2006) Int. J. Oncol. 28:695-704), the direct evidence showing the causal role of CD43 in colon tumorigenesis is still lacking. The use of conventional anti-CD43 antibody as therapeutics for nonhematopoietic tumor cells is not practical due to its strong binding to both tumor and immune T cells. There remains a need to generate antibodies that specifically bind to a CD43 expressed on non-hematopoietic tumor or cancer cells, but do not bind to a CD43 expressed on leukocytes or other cells of hematopoietic origin. These antibodies may be useful as therapeutic agents for treating CD43 expressing nonhematopoietic cancer.

CEA is normally expressed in a variety of glandular epithelial tissues (such as the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urogenital tracts) where it appears to be localized to the apical surface of the cells (Hammarstrom, S. (1999) Semin. Cancer Biol. 9, 67-81.). In tumors arising from these tissues, there is an increasing level of CEA expression extending from the apical membrane domain to the entire cell surface, together with secretion of the protein into the blood (Hammarstrom, S. (1999) Semin. Cancer Biol. 9, 67-81.). The excessive expression of CEA was observed in many types of cancers, including colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, breast cancer, and thyroid cancer. Therefore, CEA has been used as a tumor marker and immunological assays to measure the elevated amount of CEA in the blood of cancer patients have long been utilized clinically in the prognosis and management of cancers (Gold P, et al. (1965) J. Expl. Med. 122:467-81; Chevinsky, A. H. (1991) Semin. Surg. Oncol. 7, 162-166; Shively, J. E. et al., (1985) Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 2, 355-399).

More importantly, CEA has become a potentially useful tumor-associated antigen for targeted therapy (Kuroki M, et al. (2002) Anticancer Res 22:4255-64). Two major strategies using CEA as a target for cancer immunotherapy have been developed. One method is the specific targeting of suicide genes (nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene) (Kuroki M. et al., (2000) Anticancer Res. 20(6A):4067-71) or isotopes (Wilkinson R W. et al., (2001) PNAS USA 98, 10256-60, Goldenberg, D. M. (1991) Am. J. Gastroenterol., 86: 1392-1403, Olafsen T. et al., Protein Engineering, Design & Selection, 17, 21-27, 2004) to CEA-expressing tumor cells by anti-CEA antibodies. This method has also been extended to the use of antibody or antibody fragment conjugated with therapeutic agents, such as drugs, toxins, radionucleotides, immumodulators or cytokines. The other method is to utilize immunological cytolytic activities, specifically through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) or complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) to eliminate CEA-expressing tumor cells (Imakiire T et al., (2004) Int. J. Cancer: 108, 564-570). These methods often give rise to cytokine releases resulting in systemic side effects.

Antibodies recognizing a carbohydrate containing epitope present on CD-43 and CEA expressed on nonhematopoietic cancer cells have been described in U.S. Patent Application Pub. No. 2008/0171043 and PCT WO 07/146,172. These antibodies can induce apoptosis in these nonhematopoietic cancer cells in the absence of cytotoxin conjugation and immune effector function.

All references, publications, and patent applications disclosed herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides antibodies (e.g., chimeric and humanized antibodies), which specifically bind to an epitope on CD43 and/or CEA expressed by a nonhematopoietic cancer cell, but do not specifically bind to a CD43 expressed by a leukocyte or by a Jurkat cell, and are capable of inducing apoptosis of the nonhematopoietic cancer cell after binding to the epitope expressed on cell surface of the nonhematopoietic cancer cell in the absence of cytotoxin conjugation and immune effector function, wherein the epitope comprises a carbohydrate, and the binding of the antibody to the epitope is inhibited by a carbohydrate comprising a Le^(a) structure, a Le^(a)-lactose structure, a LNDFH II structure, or a LNT structure. In some embodiments, the epitope that the antibodies bind to is fucose sensitive.

In some embodiments, the antibodies are chimeric or humanized antibodies derived from murine antibody m5F1 having at least one amino acid insertion, deletion or substitution in the hinge region of the heavy chain constant region.

In some embodiments, the invention provides isolated antibodies comprising a heavy chain and a light chain, wherein (a) the heavy chain comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising three complementary determining regions from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and a heavy chain constant region of human IgG1, wherein the hinge region of the heavy chain constant region comprises at least one amino acid insertion, deletion or substitution; and (b) the light chain comprises a light chain variable region comprising three complementary determining regions from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 and a light chain constant region from human kappa light chain or a light chain constant region from human kappa light chain comprising at least one amino acid insertion, deletion or substitution. In some embodiments, the heavy chain constant region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:27 or SEQ ID NO:29.

In some embodiments, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine or ten amino acids are inserted N-terminal to amino acid K218 in the hinge region of human IgG1, wherein the numbering of the residue is that of the EU numbering system. See Burton, Mol. Immunol. 22:161-206, 1985. In some embodiments, amino acid residues KSD is inserted N-terminal to amino acid K218.

In some embodiments, the antibodies comprise: (a) a heavy chain variable region comprising three CDR regions from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and a heavy chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:11-30; and (b) a light chain variable region comprising three CDR regions from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2; and a light chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:10 and 31-37. In some embodiments, the antibody is a humanized antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is a chimeric antibody. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1, 3 and 87-91. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4 and 92-96. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region of the antibody comprises the amino acid sequence of residues 20-137 of SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:3 or the variable region amino acid sequence from SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:3. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region of the antibody comprises the amino acid sequence of residues 20-131 of SEQ ID NO:2, the variable region amino acid sequence from SEQ ID NO:2, the amino acid sequence of residues 21-132 of SEQ ID NO:4, or the variable region amino acid sequence from SEQ ID NO:4.

In some embodiments, the antibody of the invention comprises a heavy chain and a light chain, wherein the heavy chain comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of residues 20-137 of SEQ ID NO:1 or the variable region amino acid sequence from SEQ ID NO:1, and a heavy chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:27, and the light chain comprises a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of residues 20-131 of SEQ ID NO:2 or the variable region amino acid sequence from SEQ ID NO:2, and a light chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:10.

In some embodiments, the antibody of the invention comprises a heavy chain and a light chain, wherein the heavy chain comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of residues 20-137 of SEQ ID NO:1 or the variable region amino acid sequence from SEQ ID NO:1, and a heavy chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:29, and the light chain comprises a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of residues 20-131 of SEQ ID NO:2 or the variable region amino acid sequence from SEQ ID NO:2, and a light chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:34.

In some embodiments, the antibody of the invention comprises a heavy chain and a light chain, wherein the heavy chain comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of residues 20-137 of SEQ ID NO:1 or the variable region amino acid sequence from SEQ ID NO:1, and a heavy chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:29, and the light chain comprises a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of residues 20-131 of SEQ ID NO:2 or the variable region amino acid sequence from SEQ ID NO:2, and a light chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:35.

The invention also provides an antigen-binding fragments of the antibodies described herein.

The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more of the antibodies described herein or the antigen-binding fragments thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The invention provides polynucleotides and vectors comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a heavy chain of the antibody described herein and/or a light chain of the antibody described herein or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the polynucleotides and the vectors comprise a nucleic acid sequence encoding a heavy chain comprising a heavy chain variable region comprising three CDR regions from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and a heavy chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:11-30. In some embodiments, the polynucleotides and the vectors comprise a nucleic acid sequence encoding a light chain comprising a light chain variable region comprising three CDR regions from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 and a light chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:10 and 31-37.

The invention also provides host cells comprising the polynucleotides and the vectors described herein.

The invention further provides methods for producing any of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein. The methods may comprise the step of expressing one or more polynucleotides encoding the antibodies (which may be separately expressed as a single heavy or light chain, or both heavy and light chain are expressed from one vector) or antigen-binding fragments thereof in suitable host cell. In some embodiments, the expressed antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof are recovered and/or isolated. The invention also provides antibodies or antigen-binding fragments produced by the methods.

The invention provides a method for treating a nonhematopoietic cancer in an individual having the cancer comprising administering to the individual an effective amount of a composition comprising one or more antibodies described herein, wherein the one or more antibodies bind to the cancer cells in the individual. In some embodiments, the nonhematopoietic cancer is colorectal, pancreatic, or gastric cancer. In some embodiments, the antibody is conjugated to a cytotoxin.

The invention provides a method for delaying development of a nonhematopoietic cancer (such as delaying and/or inhibiting cancer progression) in an individual comprising administering to the individual an effective amount of a composition comprising one or more antibodies described herein, wherein the one or more antibodies bind to the cancer cells in the individual. In some embodiments, the nonhematopoietic cancer is colorectal, pancreatic, or gastric cancer. In some embodiments, the antibody is conjugated to a cytotoxin.

The invention also provides a method for treating nonhematopoietic cancer in an individual comprising administering to the individual an amount of one or more antibodies described herein and an amount of another anti-cancer agent, wherein the one or more antibodies bind to the cancer cells in the individual, and whereby the one or more antibodies and the anti-cancer agent in conjunction provide effective treatment of cancer in the individual. In some embodiments, the nonhematopoietic cancer is colorectal, pancreatic, or gastric cancer. In some embodiments, the anti-cancer agent is a chemotherapeutic agent.

The invention further provides kits comprising a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more antibodies described herein. In some embodiments, the kits further comprise instructions for administering an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition to an individual for treating nonhematopoietic cancer. In some embodiments, the kits comprise instructions for administering the pharmaceutical composition in conjunction with another anti-cancer agent. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises: (a) a heavy chain variable region comprising three CDR regions from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and a heavy chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:11-30; and (b) a light chain variable region comprising three CDR regions from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2; and a constant region comprising the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:10 and 31-37.

The invention also provides kits comprising a first pharmaceutical composition comprising an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment described herein, a second pharmaceutical composition comprising another anti-cancer agent, and instructions for administering the first pharmaceutical composition and the second pharmaceutical composition in conjunction to an individual for treating nonhematopoietic cancer.

It is to be understood that one, some, or all of the properties of the various embodiments described herein may be combined to form other embodiments of the present invention. These and other aspects of the invention will become apparent to one of skill in the art.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows an amino acid sequence comparison and alignment between murine IgG3 heave chain constant region (SEQ ID NO:138) and human IgG1 heavy chain constant region (SEQ ID NO:139). The hinge region is underlined. As shown in the figure, amino acid identity is 214/333 (64.3%), similarity is 261/333 (78.4%), and gaps are 6/333 (1.8%).

FIG. 2(A-E) shows an amino acid sequence comparison and alignment between unmodified and modified heavy chain human IgG1 constant regions and FIG. 2F shows an amino acid sequence comparison and alignment between unmodified and modified light chain human IgG1 kappa constant regions.

FIG. 3 shows the binding of m5F1, c5F1v0, c5F1v15, and c5F1v16 antibodies to Colo 205 from flow cytometric analysis at varying concentrations ranging from 0.125 μg/ml to 4 μg/ml. The background signals (MFI) for control antibodies are: anti-mouse second antibody: 3; anti-human second antibody: 3; mouse IgG: 4; human IgG: 5. All antibodies, m5F1, c5F1v0, c5F1v15, and c5F1v16, show significant binding to Colo205 cells over the background signals.

FIGS. 4(A and B) shows an amino acid sequence comparison and alignment between VH(a) and VL(b) of h5F1M, h5F1A Va, h5F1A Vs, h5F1M Va, and h5F1M Vs.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Definitions

An “antibody” is an immunoglobulin molecule capable of specific binding to a target, such as a carbohydrate, polynucleotide, lipid, polypeptide, etc., through at least one antigen recognition site, located in the variable region of the immunoglobulin molecule. As used herein, the term encompasses not only intact polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies, but also fragments thereof (such as Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)₂, Fv), single chain (ScFv), mutants thereof, fusion proteins comprising an antibody portion, and any other modified configuration of the immunoglobulin molecule that comprises an antigen recognition site. An antibody includes an antibody of any class, such as IgG, IgA, or IgM (or sub-class thereof), and the antibody need not be of any particular class. Depending on the antibody amino acid sequence of the constant domain of its heavy chains, immunoglobulins can be assigned to different classes. There are five major classes of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, and several of these may be further divided into subclasses (isotypes), e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1 and IgA2. The heavy-chain constant domains that correspond to the different classes of immunoglobulins are called alpha, delta, epsilon, gamma, and mu, respectively. The subunit structures and three-dimensional configurations of different classes of immunoglobulins are well known.

The antibody of the present invention is further intended to include bispecific, multispecific, single-chain, and chimeric and humanized molecules having affinity for a polypeptide conferred by at least one CDR region of the antibody. Antibodies of the present invention also include single domain antibodies which are either the variable domain of an antibody heavy chain or the variable domain of an antibody light chain. Holt et al., (2003), Trends Biotechnol. 21:484-490. Methods of making domain antibodies comprising either the variable domain of an antibody heavy chain or the variable domain of an antibody light chain, containing three of the six naturally occurring complementarity determining regions from an antibody, are also known in the art. See, e.g., Muyldermans, Rev. Mol. Biotechnol. 74:277-302, 2001.

As used herein, “monoclonal antibody” refers to an antibody of substantially homogeneous antibodies, i.e., the individual antibodies comprising the population are identical except for possible naturally-occurring mutations that may be present in minor amounts. Monoclonal antibodies are generally highly specific, being directed against a single antigenic site. Furthermore, in contrast to polyclonal antibody preparations, which typically include different antibodies directed against different determinants (epitopes), each monoclonal antibody is directed against a single determinant on the antigen. The modifier “monoclonal” indicates the character of the antibody as being obtained from a substantially homogeneous population of antibodies, and is not to be construed as requiring production of the antibody by any particular method. For example, the monoclonal antibodies to be used in accordance with the present invention may be made by the hybridoma method first described by Kohler and Milstein, (1975), Nature, 256:495, or may be made by recombinant DNA methods such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567. The monoclonal antibodies may also be isolated from phage libraries generated using the techniques described in McCafferty et al., (1990), Nature, 348:552-554, for example.

As used herein, a “chimeric antibody” refers to an antibody having a variable region or part of variable region from a first species and a constant region from a second species. An intact chimeric antibody comprises two copies of a chimeric light chain and two copies of a chimeric heavy chain. The production of chimeric antibodies is known in the art (Cabilly et al. (1984), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81:3273-3277; Harlow and Lane (1988), Antibodies: a Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory). Typically, in these chimeric antibodies, the variable region of both light and heavy chains mimics the variable regions of antibodies derived from one species of mammals, while the constant portions are homologous to the sequences in antibodies derived from another. In some embodiments, amino acid modifications can be made in the variable region and/or the constant region.

An “isolated” antibody is one which has been identified and separated and/or recovered from a component of its natural environment.

As used herein, “substantially pure” refers to material which is at least 50% pure (i.e., free from contaminants), more preferably at least 90% pure, more preferably at least 95% pure, more preferably at least 98% pure, more preferably at least 99% pure.

As used herein, “humanized” antibodies refer to forms of non-human (e.g. murine) antibodies that are specific chimeric immunoglobulins, immunoglobulin chains, or fragments thereof (such as Fv, Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)₂ or other antigen-binding subsequences of antibodies) that contain minimal sequence derived from non-human immunoglobulin. For the most part, humanized antibodies are human immunoglobulins (recipient antibody) in which residues from a complementary determining region (CDR) of the recipient are replaced by residues from a CDR of a non-human species (donor antibody) such as mouse, rat, or rabbit having the desired specificity, affinity, and capacity. In some instances, Fv framework region (FR) residues of the human immunoglobulin are replaced by corresponding non-human residues. Furthermore, the humanized antibody may comprise residues that are found neither in the recipient antibody nor in the imported CDR or framework sequences, but are included to further refine and optimize antibody performance. In general, the humanized antibody will comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the CDR regions correspond to those of a non-human immunoglobulin and all or substantially all of the FR regions are those of a human immunoglobulin consensus sequence. The humanized antibody optimally also will comprise at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region or domain (Fc), typically that of a human immunoglobulin. Antibodies may have Fc regions modified as described in WO 99/58572. Other forms of humanized antibodies have one or more CDRs (one, two, three, four, five, six) which are altered with respect to the original antibody, which are also termed one or more CDRs “derived from” one or more CDRs from the original antibody.

As used herein, “human antibody” means an antibody having an amino acid sequence corresponding to that of an antibody produced by a human and/or has been made using any of the techniques for making human antibodies known in the art or disclosed herein. This definition of a human antibody includes antibodies comprising at least one human heavy chain polypeptide or at least one human light chain polypeptide. One such example is an antibody comprising murine light chain and human heavy chain polypeptides. Human antibodies can be produced using various techniques known in the art. In one embodiment, the human antibody is selected from a phage library, where that phage library expresses human antibodies (Vaughan et al., 1996, Nature Biotechnology, 14:309-314; Sheets et al., (1998), PNAS, (USA) 95:6157-6162; Hoogenboom and Winter, 1991, J. Mol. Biol., 227:381; Marks et al., (1991), J. Mol. Biol., 222:581). Human antibodies can also be made by introducing human immunoglobulin loci into transgenic animals, e.g., mice in which the endogenous immunoglobulin genes have been partially or completely inactivated. This approach is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,545,807; 5,545,806; 5,569,825; 5,625,126; 5,633,425; and 5,661,016. Alternatively, the human antibody may be prepared by immortalizing human B lymphocytes that produce an antibody directed against a target antigen (such B lymphocytes may be recovered from an individual or may have been immunized in vitro). See, e.g., Cole et al., Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, Alan R. Liss, p. 77 (1985); Boerner et al., (1991), J. Immunol., 147 (1):86-95; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,750,373.

A “variable region” of an antibody refers to the variable region of the antibody light chain or the variable region of the antibody heavy chain, either alone or in combination. The variable regions of the heavy and light chain each consist of four framework regions (FR) connected by three complementarity determining regions (CDRs) also known as hypervariable regions. The CDRs in each chain are held together in close proximity by the FRs and, with the CDRs from the other chain, contribute to the formation of the antigen-binding site of antibodies. There are at least two techniques for determining CDRs: (1) an approach based on cross-species sequence variability (i.e., Kabat et al. Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, (5th ed., 1991, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda Md.)); and (2) an approach based on crystallographic studies of antigen-antibody complexes (Al-lazikani et al (1997) J. Molec. Biol. 273:927-948)). As used herein, a CDR may refer to CDRs defined by either approach or by a combination of both approaches.

A “constant region” of an antibody refers to the constant region of the antibody light chain or the constant region of the antibody heavy chain, either alone or in combination. A constant region of an antibody generally provides structural stability and other biological functions such as antibody chain association, secretion, transplacental mobility, and complement binding, but is not involved with binding to the antigen. The amino acid sequence and corresponding exon sequences in the genes of the constant region will be dependent upon the species from which it is derived; however, variations in the amino acid sequence leading to allotypes will be relatively limited for particular constant regions within a species. The variable region of each chain is joined to the constant region by a linking polypeptide sequence. The linkage sequence is coded by a “J” sequence in the light chain gene, and a combination of a “D” sequence and a “J” sequence in the heavy chain gene.

As used herein “antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity” and “ADCC” refer to a cell-mediated reaction in which nonspecific cytotoxic cells that express Fc receptors (FcRs) (e.g. natural killer (NK) cells, neutrophils, and macrophages) recognize bound antibody on a target cell and subsequently cause lysis of the target cell. ADCC activity of a molecule of interest can be assessed using an in vitro ADCC assay, such as that described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,500,362 or 5,821,337. Useful effector cells for such assays include peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and NK cells. Alternatively, or additionally, ADCC activity of the molecule of interest may be assessed in vivo, e.g., in a animal model such as that disclosed in Clynes et al., 1998, PNAS (USA), 95:652-656.

“Complement dependent cytotoxicity” and “CDC” refer to the lysing of a target in the presence of complement. The complement activation pathway is initiated by the binding of the first component of the complement system (C1q) to a molecule (e.g. an antibody) complexed with a cognate antigen. To assess complement activation, a CDC assay, e.g. as described in Gazzano-Santoro et al., J. Immunol. Methods, 202:163 (1996), may be performed.

The terms “polypeptide”, “oligopeptide”, “peptide” and “protein” are used interchangeably herein to refer to polymers of amino acids of any length. The polymer may be linear or branched, it may comprise modified amino acids, and it may be interrupted by non-amino acids. The terms also encompass an amino acid polymer that has been modified naturally or by intervention; for example, disulfide bond formation, glycosylation, lipidation, acetylation, phosphorylation, or any other manipulation or modification, such as conjugation with a labeling component. Also included within the definition are, for example, polypeptides containing one or more analogs of an amino acid (including, for example, unnatural amino acids, etc.), as well as other modifications known in the art. It is understood that, because the polypeptides of this invention are based upon an antibody, the polypeptides can occur as single chains or associated chains.

“Polynucleotide,” or “nucleic acid,” as used interchangeably herein, refer to polymers of nucleotides of any length, and include DNA and RNA. The nucleotides can be deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, modified nucleotides or bases, and/or their analogs, or any substrate that can be incorporated into a polymer by DNA or RNA polymerase. A polynucleotide may comprise modified nucleotides, such as methylated nucleotides and their analogs. If present, modification to the nucleotide structure may be imparted before or after assembly of the polymer. The sequence of nucleotides may be interrupted by non-nucleotide components. A polynucleotide may be further modified after polymerization, such as by conjugation with a labeling component. Other types of modifications include, for example, “caps”, substitution of one or more of the naturally occurring nucleotides with an analog, internucleotide modifications such as, for example, those with uncharged linkages (e.g., methyl phosphonates, phosphotriesters, phosphoamidates, cabamates, etc.) and with charged linkages (e.g., phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, etc.), those containing pendant moieties, such as, for example, proteins (e.g., nucleases, toxins, antibodies, signal peptides, ply-L-lysine, etc.), those with intercalators (e.g., acridine, psoralen, etc.), those containing chelators (e.g., metals, radioactive metals, boron, oxidative metals, etc.), those containing alkylators, those with modified linkages (e.g., alpha anomeric nucleic acids, etc.), as well as unmodified forms of the polynucleotide(s). Further, any of the hydroxyl groups ordinarily present in the sugars may be replaced, for example, by phosphonate groups, phosphate groups, protected by standard protecting groups, or activated to prepare additional linkages to additional nucleotides, or may be conjugated to solid supports. The 5′ and 3′ terminal OH can be phosphorylated or substituted with amines or organic capping group moieties of from 1 to 20 carbon atoms. Other hydroxyls may also be derivatized to standard protecting groups. Polynucleotides can also contain analogous forms of ribose or deoxyribose sugars that are generally known in the art, including, for example, 2′-O-methyl-, 2′-O-allyl, 2′-fluoro- or 2′-azido-ribose, carbocyclic sugar analogs, α-anomeric sugars, epimeric sugars such as arabinose, xyloses or lyxoses, pyranose sugars, furanose sugars, sedoheptuloses, acyclic analogs and abasic nucleoside analogs such as methyl riboside. One or more phosphodiester linkages may be replaced by alternative linking groups. These alternative linking groups include, but are not limited to, embodiments wherein phosphate is replaced by P(O)S(“thioate”), P(S)S (“dithioate”), “(O)NR₂ (“amidate”), P(O)R, P(O)OR′, CO or CH₂ (“formacetal”), in which each R or R′ is independently H or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (1-20 C) optionally containing an ether (—O—) linkage, aryl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or araldyl. Not all linkages in a polynucleotide need be identical. The preceding description applies to all polynucleotides referred to herein, including RNA and DNA.

As used herein, “vector” means a construct, which is capable of delivering, and preferably expressing, one or more gene(s) or sequence(s) of interest in a host cell. Examples of vectors include, but are not limited to, viral vectors, naked DNA or RNA expression vectors, plasmid, cosmid or phage vectors, DNA or RNA expression vectors associated with cationic condensing agents, DNA or RNA expression vectors encapsulated in liposomes, and certain eukaryotic cells, such as producer cells.

As used herein, “expression control sequence” means a nucleic acid sequence that directs transcription of a nucleic acid. An expression control sequence can be a promoter, such as a constitutive or an inducible promoter, or an enhancer. The expression control sequence is operably linked to the nucleic acid sequence to be transcribed.

As used herein, an “effective dosage” or “effective amount” of drug, compound, or pharmaceutical composition is an amount sufficient to effect beneficial or desired results. For prophylactic use, beneficial or desired results include results such as eliminating or reducing the risk, lessening the severity, or delaying the onset of the disease, including biochemical, histological and/or behavioral symptoms of the disease, its complications and intermediate pathological phenotypes presenting during development of the disease. For therapeutic use, beneficial or desired results include clinical results such as decreasing one or more symptoms resulting from the disease, increasing the quality of life of those suffering from the disease, decreasing the dose of other medications required to treat the disease, enhancing effect of another medication such as via targeting, delaying the progression of the disease, and/or prolonging survival. In the case of cancer or tumor, an effective amount of the drug may have the effect in reducing the number of cancer cells; reducing the tumor size; inhibiting (i.e., slow to some extent and preferably stop) cancer cell infiltration into peripheral organs; inhibit (i.e., slow to some extent and preferably stop) tumor metastasis; inhibiting, to some extent, tumor growth; and/or relieving to some extent one or more of the symptoms associated with the disorder. An effective dosage can be administered in one or more administrations. For purposes of this invention, an effective dosage of drug, compound, or pharmaceutical composition is an amount sufficient to accomplish prophylactic or therapeutic treatment either directly or indirectly. As is understood in the clinical context, an effective dosage of a drug, compound, or pharmaceutical composition may or may not be achieved in conjunction with another drug, compound, or pharmaceutical composition. Thus, an “effective dosage” may be considered in the context of administering one or more therapeutic agents, and a single agent may be considered to be given in an effective amount if, in conjunction with one or more other agents, a desirable result may be or is achieved.

As used herein, “in conjunction with” refers to administration of one treatment modality in addition to another treatment modality. As such, “in conjunction with” refers to administration of one treatment modality before, during or after administration of the other treatment modality to the individual.

As used herein, “treatment” or “treating” is an approach for obtaining beneficial or desired results including and preferably clinical results. For purposes of this invention, beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: reducing the proliferation of (or destroying) cancerous cells, decreasing symptoms resulting from the disease, increasing the quality of life of those suffering from the disease, decreasing the dose of other medications required to treat the disease, delaying the progression of the disease, and/or prolonging survival of individuals.

As used herein, “delaying development of a disease” means to defer, hinder, slow, retard, stabilize, and/or postpone development of the disease (such as cancer). This delay can be of varying lengths of time, depending on the history of the disease and/or individual being treated. As is evident to one skilled in the art, a sufficient or significant delay can, in effect, encompass prevention, in that the individual does not develop the disease. For example, a late stage cancer, such as development of metastasis, may be delayed.

An “individual” or a “subject” is a mammal, more preferably a human. Mammals also include, but are not limited to, farm animals, sport animals, pets (such as cats, dogs, horses), primates, mice and rats.

As use herein, the term “specifically recognizes” or “specifically binds” refers to measurable and reproducible interactions such as attraction or binding between a target and an antibody, that is determinative of the presence of the target in the presence of a heterogeneous population of molecules including biological molecules. For example, an antibody that specifically or preferentially binds to an epitope is an antibody that binds this epitope with greater affinity, avidity, more readily, and/or with greater duration than it binds to other epitopes of the target or non-target epitopes. It is also understood by reading this definition that, for example, an antibody (or moiety or epitope) that specifically or preferentially binds to a first target may or may not specifically or preferentially bind to a second target. As such, “specific binding” or “preferential binding” does not necessarily require (although it can include) exclusive binding. An antibody that specifically binds to a target may have an association constant of at least about 10³ M⁻¹ or 10⁴M⁻¹, sometimes about 10⁵M⁻¹ or 10⁶ M⁻¹, in other instances about 10⁶ M⁻¹ or 10⁷M⁻¹, about 10⁸ M⁻¹ to 10⁹M⁻¹, or about 10¹⁰ M⁻¹ to 10¹¹ M⁻¹ or higher. A variety of immunoassay formats can be used to select antibodies specifically immunoreactive with a particular protein. For example, solid-phase ELISA immunoassays are routinely used to select monoclonal antibodies specifically immunoreactive with a protein. See, e.g., Harlow and Lane (1988) Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Publications, New York, for a description of immunoassay formats and conditions that can be used to determine specific immunoreactivity.

As used herein, the terms “cancer,” “tumor,” “cancerous,” and “malignant” refer to or describe the physiological condition in mammals that is typically characterized by unregulated cell growth. Examples of cancer include but are not limited to, carcinoma, including adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, blastoma, melanoma, and sarcoma. More particular examples of such cancers include squamous cell cancer, small-cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, lung squamous cell carcinoma, gastrointestinal cancer, Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, cervical cancer, glioma, ovarian cancer, liver cancer such as hepatic carcinoma and hepatoma, bladder cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial or uterine carcinoma, salivary gland carcinoma, kidney cancer such as renal cell carcinoma and Wilms' tumors, basal cell carcinoma, melanoma, prostate cancer, thyroid cancer, testicular cancer, esophageal cancer, and various types of head and neck cancer.

As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural reference unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. For example, reference to an “antibody” is a reference to from one to many antibodies, such as molar amounts, and includes equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth.

It is understood that aspect and variations of the invention described herein include “consisting” and/or “consisting essentially of” aspects and variations.

Antibodies and Polypeptides that Specifically Bind to a Carbohydrate Epitope on CD43 and CEA Expressed on Nonhematopoietic Cancer Cells

The invention provides isolated antibodies, and polypeptides derived from the antibodies, that specifically bind to an epitope on CD43 and/or CEA expressed by nonhematopoietic cancer cells, but do not specifically bind to a CD43 expressed by a leukocyte (such as a peripheral T cell) or a Jurkat cell.

In some embodiments, the invention provides an antibody comprising: a heavy chain variable region comprising one or more CDR regions of SEQ ID NO:1 and a heavy chain constant region of human IgG1. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region comprising one or more CDR regions of SEQ ID NO:2 and a kappa light chain constant region.

In some embodiments, one or more amino acid residues in the heavy chain constant region and/or the light chain constant region of the antibody are modified (including amino acid insertion, deletion, and substitution). For example, amino acid residues as shown in the Examples may be modified.

In some embodiments, the invention provides an antibody comprising: (a) a heavy chain variable region comprising one or more CDR regions from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and a heavy chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:11-30; and (b) a light chain variable region comprising one or more CDR regions from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2; and a light chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:10 and 31-37. In some embodiments, the one or more CDR regions from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 are three CDR regions from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1. In some embodiments, the one or more CDR regions from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 are three CDR regions from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2. In some embodiments, CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 in the heavy chain comprise the amino acid sequences of SYVMH (SEQ ID NO:168), YINPYNGGTQYNEKFKG (SEQ ID NO:169), and RTFPYYFDY (SEQ ID NO:170), respectively. In some embodiments, CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 in the light chain comprise the amino acid sequences of RSSQSILHSNGNTYLE (SEQ ID NO:171), KVSNRFS (SEQ ID NO:172); and FQGSHAPLT (SEQ ID NO:173), respctively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region comprises the variable region amino acid sequence from SEQ ID NO:1 or 3. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region comprises the variable region amino acid sequence from SEQ ID NO:2 or 4.

In some embodiments, the one or more CDRs derived from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and/or SEQ ID NO:2 are at least about 85%, at least about 86%, at least about 87%, at least about 88%, at least about 89%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% identical to at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, or at least six CDRs of SEQ ID NO:1 and/or SEQ ID NO:2.

The antibodies and polypeptides of the invention may further have one or more of the following characteristics: (a) binding of the antibody or the polypeptide to the epitope is reduced if the molecule comprising the epitope is treated with α-1→(2,3,4)-Fucosidase; (b) binding of the antibody or the polypeptide to the epitope is inhibited by a carbohydrate comprising a Le^(a) structure, a Le^(a)-lactose structure, a LNDFH II structure, and/or a LNT structure; (c) induce death of the nonhematopoietic cancer cell (such as through apoptosis) after binding to the epitope expressed on the cell surface of the cancer cell in the absence of cytotoxin conjugation and immune effector function; (d) inhibit cell growth or proliferation of the nonhematopoietic cancer cell after binding to the epitope expressed on the cell surface of the cancer cell; and (e) treat or prevent nonhematopoietic cancer expressing the epitope on the cell surface, such as colorectal cancer and gastric cancer, in an individual.

As used herein, the term “inhibition” includes partial and complete inhibition. For example, binding of the antibody or the polypeptide to the epitope on CD43 and CEA is inhibited by at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, or at least about 90% by a carbohydrate comprising a Le^(a) structure, a Le^(a)-lactose structure, a LNDFH II structure, or a LNT structure. Binding of the antibody to the epitope may be inhibited by direct competition or by other mechanisms.

Examples of non-hematopoietic cancer cells expressing the epitope include, but are not limited to, colorectal cancer cells (such as COLO 205 and DLD-1), gastric cancer cells (such as NCI-N87), and pancreatic cancer cells (such as SU.86.86, ATCC No. CRL-1837).

The antibodies and polypeptides of the present invention may recognize an extracellular domain of a CD43 present on a nonhematopoietic cancer cell, but does not bind to an extracellular domain of a leukocyte CD43 (e.g., a peripheral T cell), or an extracellular domain of CD43 expressed on a Jurkat cell (a lymphoblastoid leukemia cell). In some embodiments, the novel antibodies or polypeptides of the invention do not specifically bind to a CD43 expressed by a cell of hematopoietic origin.

The invention encompasses modifications to antibodies or polypeptide described herein, including functionally equivalent antibodies which do not significantly affect their properties and variants which have enhanced or decreased activity and/or affinity. For example, amino acid sequence of antibody may be mutated to obtain an antibody with the desired binding affinity to the CD43 or CEA expressed by the cancer cell. Modification of polypeptides is routine practice in the art and need not be described in detail herein. Examples of modified polypeptides include polypeptides with conservative substitutions of amino acid residues, one or more deletions or additions of amino acids which do not significantly deleteriously change the functional activity, or use of chemical analogs.

Amino acid sequence insertions include amino- and/or carboxyl-terminal fusions ranging in length from one residue to polypeptides containing a hundred or more residues, as well as intrasequence insertions of single or multiple amino acid residues. Examples of terminal insertions include an antibody with an N-terminal methionyl residue or the antibody fused to an epitope tag. Other insertional variants of the antibody molecule include the fusion to the N- or C-terminus of the antibody of an enzyme or a polypeptide which increases the serum half-life of the antibody.

Substitution variants have at least one amino acid residue in the antibody molecule removed and a different residue inserted in its place. The sites of greatest interest for substitutional mutagenesis include the hypervariable regions, but FR alterations are also contemplated. Conservative substitutions are shown in the table below under the heading of “conservative substitutions”. If such substitutions result in a change in biological activity, then more substantial changes, denominated “exemplary substitutions” in the table below, or as further described below in reference to amino acid classes, may be introduced and the products screened.

TABLE 1 Amino Acid Substitutions. Original Conservative Residue Substitutions Exemplary Substitutions Ala (A) Val Val; Leu; Ile Arg (R) Lys Lys; Gln; Asn Asn (N) Gln Gln; His; Asp, Lys; Arg Asp (D) Glu Glu; Asn Cys (C) Ser Ser; Ala Gln (Q) Asn Asn; Glu Glu (E) Asp Asp; Gln Gly (G) Ala Ala His (H) Arg Asn; Gln; Lys; Arg Ile (I) Leu Leu; Val; Met; Ala; Phe; Norleucine Leu (L) Ile Norleucine; Ile; Val; Met; Ala; Phe Lys (K) Arg Arg; Gln; Asn Met (M) Leu Leu; Phe; Ile Phe (F) Tyr Leu; Val; Ile; Ala; Tyr Pro (P) Ala Ala Ser (S) Thr Thr Thr (T) Ser Ser Trp (W) Tyr Tyr; Phe Tyr (Y) Phe Trp; Phe; Thr; Ser Val (V) Leu Ile; Leu; Met; Phe; Ala; Norleucine

Substantial modifications in the biological properties of the antibody are accomplished by selecting substitutions that differ significantly in their effect on maintaining (a) the structure of the polypeptide backbone in the area of the substitution, for example, as a sheet or helical conformation, (b) the charge or hydrophobicity of the molecule at the target site, or (c) the bulk of the side chain. Naturally occurring residues are divided into groups based on common side-chain properties:

(1) Non-polar: Norleucine, Met, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile;

(2) Polar without charge: Cys, Ser, Thr, Asn, Gln;

(3) Acidic (negatively charged): Asp, Glu;

(4) Basic (positively charged): Lys, Arg;

(5) Residues that influence chain orientation: Gly, Pro; and

(6) Aromatic: Trp, Tyr, Phe, His.

Non-conservative substitutions are made by exchanging a member of one of these classes for another class.

Any cysteine residue not involved in maintaining the proper conformation of the antibody also may be substituted, generally with serine, to improve the oxidative stability of the molecule and prevent aberrant cross-linking. Conversely, cysteine bond(s) may be added to the antibody to improve its stability, particularly where the antibody is an antibody fragment such as an Fv fragment.

Amino acid modifications can range from changing or modifying one or more amino acids to complete redesign of a region, such as the variable region. Changes in the variable region can alter binding affinity and/or specificity. In some embodiments, no more than one to five conservative amino acid substitutions are made within a CDR domain. In other embodiments, no more than one to three conservative amino acid substitutions are made within a CDR domain. In still other embodiments, the CDR domain is CDRH3 and/or CDR L3.

Modifications also include glycosylated and nonglycosylated polypeptides, as well as polypeptides with other post-translational modifications, such as, for example, glycosylation with different sugars, acetylation, and phosphorylation. Antibodies are glycosylated at conserved positions in their constant regions (Jefferis and Lund, (1997), Chem. Immunol. 65:111-128; Wright and Morrison, (1997), TibTECH 15:26-32). The oligosaccharide side chains of the immunoglobulins affect the protein's function (Boyd et al., (1996), Mol. Immunol. 32:1311-1318; Wittwe and Howard, (1990), Biochem. 29:4175-4180) and the intramolecular interaction between portions of the glycoprotein, which can affect the conformation and presented three-dimensional surface of the glycoprotein (Hefferis and Lund, supra; Wyss and Wagner, (1996), Current Opin. Biotech. 7:409-416). Oligosaccharides may also serve to target a given glycoprotein to certain molecules based upon specific recognition structures. Glycosylation of antibodies has also been reported to affect antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). In particular, CHO cells with tetracycline-regulated expression of β(1,4)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnTIII), a glycosyltransferase catalyzing formation of bisecting GlcNAc, was reported to have improved ADCC activity (Umana et al., (1999), Mature Biotech. 17:176-180).

Glycosylation of antibodies is typically either N-linked or O-linked. N-linked refers to the attachment of the carbohydrate moiety to the side chain of an asparagine residue. The tripeptide sequences asparagine-X-serine, asparagine-X-threonine, and asparagine-X-cysteine, where X is any amino acid except proline, are the recognition sequences for enzymatic attachment of the carbohydrate moiety to the asparagine side chain. Thus, the presence of either of these tripeptide sequences in a polypeptide creates a potential glycosylation site. O-linked glycosylation refers to the attachment of one of the sugars N-acetylgalactosamine, galactose, or xylose to a hydroxyamino acid, most commonly serine or threonine, although 5-hydroxyproline or 5-hydroxylysine may also be used.

Addition of glycosylation sites to the antibody is conveniently accomplished by altering the amino acid sequence such that it contains one or more of the above-described tripeptide sequences (for N-linked glycosylation sites). The alteration may also be made by the addition of, or substitution by, one or more serine or threonine residues to the sequence of the original antibody (for O-linked glycosylation sites).

The glycosylation pattern of antibodies may also be altered without altering the underlying nucleotide sequence. Glycosylation largely depends on the host cell used to express the antibody. Since the cell type used for expression of recombinant glycoproteins, e.g. antibodies, as potential therapeutics is rarely the native cell, variations in the glycosylation pattern of the antibodies can be expected (see, e.g. Hse et al., (1997), J. Biol. Chem. 272:9062-9070).

The antibodies of the invention can encompass antibody fragments (e.g., Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)₂, Fv, Fc, etc.), chimeric antibodies, single chain (ScFv), mutants thereof, fusion proteins comprising an antibody portion, and any other modified configuration of the immunoglobulin molecule that comprises an antigen recognition site of the required specificity. The antibodies may be murine, rat, camel, human, or any other origin (including humanized antibodies).

The binding affinity of the polypeptide (including antibody) to CD43 or CEA may be less than any of about 500 nM, about 400 nM, about 300 nM, about 200 nM, about 100 nM, about 50 nM, about 10 nM, about 1 nM, about 500 μM, about 100 μM, or about 50 μM. As is well known in the art, binding affinity can be expressed as K_(D), or dissociation constant, and an increased binding affinity corresponds to a decreased K_(D). One way of determining binding affinity of antibodies to CD43 or CEA is by measuring binding affinity of monofunctional Fab fragments of the antibody. To obtain monofunctional Fab fragments, an antibody (for example, IgG) can be cleaved with papain or expressed recombinantly. The affinity of a Fab fragment of an antibody can be determined by surface plasmon resonance (BIAcore3000™ surface plasmon resonance (SPR) system, BIAcore, INC, Piscaway N.J.) and ELISA. Kinetic association rates (k_(on)) and dissociation rates (k_(off)) (generally measured at 25° C.) are obtained; and equilibrium dissociation constant (K_(D)) values are calculated as k_(off)/k_(on).

In some embodiments, the antibodies and polypeptides of the invention reduce the number of cancer cells, and/or inhibit cell growth or proliferation of tumor or cancer cells that have the epitope. Preferably, the reduction in cell number or inhibition of cell growth or proliferation is by at least about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 65%, about 75%, or greater as compared to the cell not treated with the antibody or polypeptides. Cancer cells include, but are not limited to, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, and gastric cancer.

In some embodiments, the antibodies and polypeptides of the invention are capable of inducing cell death alone, for example through apoptosis, after binding the epitope expressed on cell surface of the nonhematopoietic cancer cell. The term “induce cell death” as used herein, means that the antibodies or polypeptides of the present invention, can directly interact with a molecule expressed on the cell surface, and the binding/interaction alone is sufficient to induce cell death in the cells without the help of other factors such as cytotoxin conjugation or other immune effector functions, i.e., complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), or phagocytosis.

As used herein, the term “apoptosis” refers to gene-directed process of intracellular cell destruction. Apoptosis is distinct from necrosis; it includes cytoskeletal disruption, cytoplasmic shrinkage and condensation, expression of phosphatidylserine on the outer surface of the cell membrane and blebbing, resulting in the formation of cell membrane bound vesicles or apoptotic bodies. The process is also referred to as “programmed cell death.” During apoptosis, characteristic phenomena such as curved cell surfaces, condensation of nuclear chromatin, fragmentation of chromosomal DNA, and loss of mitochondrial function are observed. Various known technologies may be used to detect apoptosis, such as staining cells with Annexin V, propidium iodide, DNA fragmentation assay and YO-PRO-1 (Invitrogen).

Methods of detecting cell death (such as apoptosis) include, but are not limited to, detecting morphology, DNA fragmentation, enzymatic activity, and polypeptide degradation, etc. See Siman et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,048,703; Martin and Green (1995), Cell, 82: 349-52; Thomberry and Lazebnik (1998), Science, 281:1312-6; Zou et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,291,643; Scovassi and Poirier (1999), Mol. Cell. Biochem., 199: 125-37; Wyllie et al. (1980), Int. Rev. Cytol., 68:251-306; Belhocine et al. (2004), Technol. Cancer Res. Treat., 3(1):23-32, which are incorporated herein by reference.

In some embodiments, the antibodies and polypeptides of the invention recognize a conformation epitope expressed on a nonhematopoietic cancer cell, and this epitope includes a structure having physical and chemical characteristics equivalent to the structure formed by tripeptide, N′-Trp-Pro-Ile-C′. As used herein, “an epitope which includes a structure having physical and chemical characteristics equivalent to the structure formed by a peptide” means that both structures have a similar physical and chemical property related to antibody binding so that an antibody that specifically binds to one structure would bind to both structures. In some embodiments, the antibodies and polypeptides bind to a polypeptide comprising amino acid sequence, N′-Trp-Pro-Ile-C′ at the N-terminus of the polypeptide.

In some embodiments, the antibodies and polypeptides of the invention competes with antibody m5F1 or h5F1 for binding to the epitope expressed on the cell surface of the cancer cell. In some embodiments, the antibodies or polypeptides of the invention binding to an epitope on CD43 or CEA to which at least one of antibodies m5F1 or h5F1 binds.

Competition assays can be used to determine whether two antibodies bind the same epitope by recognizing identical or sterically overlapping epitopes or one antibody competitively inhibits binding of another antibody to the antigen. These assays are known in the art. Typically, antigen or antigen expressing cells is immobilized on a multi-well plate and the ability of unlabeled antibodies to block the binding of labeled antibodies is measured. Common labels for such competition assays are radioactive labels or enzyme labels.

In some embodiments, the CDR is a Kabat CDR. In other embodiments, the CDR is a Chothia CDR. In other embodiments, the CDR is a combination of a Kabat and a Chothia CDR (also termed “combined CDR” or “extended CDR”). In other words, for any given embodiment containing more than one CDR, the CDRs may be any of Kabat, Chothia, and/or combined.

Methods of making antibodies and polypeptides derived from the antibodies are known in the art and are disclosed herein. Antibodies generated may be tested for having specific binding to the epitope on CD-43 or CEA expressed by the nonhematopoietic cancer or tumor cells, but no specific binding to CD43 expressing leukocyte, Jurkat cells, and/or other CD43 expressing cells of hematopoietic origin. Cancer cells or extracellular domain (including fragments thereof) containing the epitope may be used for testing.

Jurkat cell line is a lymphoblastoid leukemia cell, and was established from the peripheral blood of a 14 year old boy by Schneider et al. Schneider et al., Int. J. Cancer 19:621-626, 1977. Various Jurkat cell lines are commercially available, for example, from American Type Culture Collection (e.g., ATCC TIB-152, ATCC TIB-153, ATCC CRL-2678).

The binding specificity of the antibodies produced may be determined by immunoprecipitation or by an in vitro binding assay, such as radioimmunoassay (RIA) or enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA). Such techniques and assays are known in the art. The binding affinity of the monoclonal antibody can, for example, be determined by the Scatchard analysis of Munson and Pollard (1980), Anal. Biochem., 107:220.

The antibodies identified may further be tested for their capabilities to induce cell death (e.g., apoptosis), and/or inhibiting cell growth or proliferation using methods known in the art and described herein.

The antibodies of the invention can also be made by recombinant DNA methods, such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,816,567 and 6,331,415, which are hereby incorporated by reference. For example, DNA encoding the monoclonal antibodies of the invention can be readily isolated and sequenced using conventional procedures (e.g., by using oligonucleotide probes that are capable of binding specifically to genes encoding the heavy and light chains of murine antibodies). The hybridoma cells of the invention serve as a preferred source of such DNA. Once isolated, the DNA can be placed into expression vectors, which are then transfected into host cells such as simian COS cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, or myeloma cells that do not otherwise produce immunoglobulin protein, to obtain the synthesis of monoclonal antibodies in the recombinant host cells. The DNA also can be modified, for example, by substituting the coding sequence for human heavy and light chain constant domains in place of the homologous murine sequences (U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567) or by covalently joining to the immunoglobulin coding sequence all or part of the coding sequence for a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide. Such a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide can be substituted for the constant domains of an antibody of the invention, or can be substituted for the variable domains of one antigen-combining site of an antibody of the invention to create a chimeric bivalent antibody.

In some embodiment, the antibodies of the present invention are expressed from two expression vectors. The first expression vector encodes a heavy chain of the antibody (e.g., a humanized antibody), comprising a first part encoding a variable region of the heavy chain of the antibody, and a second part encoding a constant region of the heavy chain of the antibody. In some embodiments, the first part encodes a heavy chain comprising a heavy chain variable region comprising one or more CDR regions from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and a heavy chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:11-30. In some embodiments, the one or more CDR regions from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 are three CDR regions from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1. The second expression vector encodes a light chain of the antibody, comprising a first part encoding a variable region of the light chain of the antibody, and a second part encoding a constant region of the light chain of the antibody. In some embodiments, the first part encodes a light chain comprising a light chain variable region comprising one or more CDR regions from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 and a light chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:10 and 31-37. In some embodiments, the one or more CDR regions from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 are three CDR regions from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.

Alternatively, the antibodies (e.g., a humanized antibody) of the present invention are expressed from a single expression vector. The single expression vector encodes both the heavy chain and light chain of the antibodies of the present invention. In some embodiments, the expression vector comprises a polynucleotide sequence encoding a heavy chain comprising a heavy chain variable region comprising one or more CDR regions from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and a heavy chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:11-30, and a light chain variable region comprising one or more CDR regions from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 and a light chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:10 and 31-37. In some embodiments, the one or more CDR regions from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 are three CDR regions from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1. In some embodiments, the one or more CDR regions from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 are three CDR regions from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.

Normally the expression vector has transcriptional and translational regulatory sequences which are derived from species compatible with a host cell. In addition, the vector ordinarily carries a specific gene(s) which is (are) capable of providing phenotypic selection in transformed cells.

A wide variety of recombinant host-vector expression systems for eukaryotic cells are known and can be used in the invention. For example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or common baker's yeast, is the most commonly used among eukaryotic microorganisms, although a number of other strains, such as Pichia pastoris, are available. Cell lines derived from multicellular organisms such as Sp2/0 or Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO), which are available from the ATCC, may also be used as hosts. Typical vector plasmids suitable for eukaryotic cell transformations are, for example, pSV2neo and pSV2gpt (ATCC), pSVL and pSVK3 (Pharmacia), and pBPV-1/pML2d (International Biotechnology, Inc.).

The eukaryotic host cells useful in the present invention are, preferably, hybridoma, myeloma, plasmacytoma or lymphoma cells. However, other eukaryotic host cells may be suitably utilized provided the mammalian host cells are capable of recognizing transcriptional and translational DNA sequences for expression of the proteins; processing the leader peptide by cleavage of the leader sequence and secretion of the proteins; and providing post-translational modifications of the proteins, e.g., glycosylation.

Accordingly, the present invention provides eukaryotic host cells which are transformed by recombinant expression vectors comprising DNA constructs disclosed herein and which are capable of expressing the antibodies or polypeptides of the present invention. In some embodiments, the transformed host cells of the invention, therefore, comprise at least one DNA construct comprising the light and heavy chain DNA sequences described herein, and transcriptional and translational regulatory sequences which are positioned in relation to the light and heavy chain-encoding DNA sequences to direct expression of antibodies or polypeptides.

The host cells used in the invention may be transformed in a variety of ways by standard transfection procedures well known in the art. Among the standard transfection procedures which may be used are electroporation techniques, protoplast fusion and calcium-phosphate precipitation techniques. Such techniques are generally described by F. Toneguzzo et al. (1986), Mol. Cell. Biol., 6:703-706; G. Chu et al., Nucleic Acid Res. (1987), 15:1311-1325; D. Rice et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1979), 79:7862-7865; and V. Oi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1983), 80:825-829.

In the case of two expression vectors, the two expression vectors can be transferred into a host cell one by one separately or together (co-transfer or co-transfect).

The present invention also provides a method for producing the antibodies or polypeptides, which comprises culturing a host cell comprising an expression vector(s) encoding the antibodies or the polypeptides, and recovering the antibodies or polypeptides from the culture by ways well known to one skilled in the art. In some embodiments, the antibodies may be isolated or purified by conventional immunoglobulin purification procedures such as, for example, protein A-Sepharose, hydroxylapatite chromatography, gel electrophoresis, dialysis, or affinity chromatography.

Furthermore, the desired antibodies can be produced in a transgenic animal. A suitable transgenic animal can be obtained according to standard methods which include micro-injecting into eggs the appropriate expression vectors, transferring the eggs into pseudo-pregnant females and selecting a descendant expressing the desired antibody.

The present invention also provides chimeric antibodies that specifically recognize the epitope on CD43 and CEA expressed by a cancer cell. For example, the variable and constant regions of the chimeric antibody are from separate species. In some embodiments, the variable regions of both heavy chain and light chain are from the murine antibodies described herein. In some embodiments, the variable regions comprise amino acid sequences from variable regions from SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:2, or residues 20-137 of SEQ ID NO:1 and residues 20-131 of SEQ ID NO:2. In some embodiments, the constant regions of both the heavy chain and light chain are from human antibodies.

The chimeric antibody of the present invention can be prepared by techniques well-established in the art. See for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,808,901, 6,652,852, 6,329,508, 6,120,767 and 5,677,427, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference. In general, the chimeric antibody can be prepared by obtaining cDNAs encoding the heavy and light chain variable regions of the antibodies, inserting the cDNAs into an expression vector, which upon being introduced into eukaryotic host cells, expresses the chimeric antibody of the present invention. Preferably, the expression vector carries a functionally complete constant heavy or light chain sequence so that any variable heavy or light chain sequence can be easily inserted into the expression vector.

The present invention provides a humanized antibody that specifically recognizes the epitope on CD43 and CEA expressed by a nonhematopoietic cancer cell. The humanized antibody is typically a human antibody in which residues from CDRs are replaced with residues from CDRs of a non-human species such as mouse, rat or rabbit having the desired specificity, affinity and capacity. In some instances, Fv framework residues of the human antibody are replaced by corresponding non-human residues.

There are four general steps to humanize a monoclonal antibody. These are: (1) determining the nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence of the starting antibody light and heavy variable domains (2) designing the humanized antibody, i.e., deciding which antibody framework region to use during the humanizing process (3) the actual humanizing methodologies/techniques and (4) the transfection and expression of the humanized antibody. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,816,567; 5,807,715; 5,866,692; 6,331,415; 5,530,101; 5,693,761; 5,693,762; 5,585,089; 6,180,370; and 6,548,640. For example, the constant region may be engineered to more resemble human constant regions to avoid immune response if the antibody is used in clinical trials and treatments in humans. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,997,867 and 5,866,692.

It is important that antibodies be humanized with retention of high affinity for the antigen and other favorable biological properties. To achieve this goal, humanized antibodies can be prepared by a process of analysis of the parental sequences and various conceptual humanized products using three dimensional models of the parental and humanized sequences. Three dimensional immunoglobulin models are commonly available and are familiar to those skilled in the art. Computer programs are available which illustrate and display probable three-dimensional conformational structures of selected candidate immunoglobulin sequences. Inspection of these displays permits analysis of the likely role of the residues in the functioning of the candidate immunoglobulin sequence, i.e. the analysis of residues that influence the ability of the candidate immunoglobulin to bind its antigen. In this way, FR residues can be selected and combined from the consensus and import sequence so that the desired antibody characteristic, such as increased affinity for the target antigen(s), is achieved. In general, the CDR residues are directly and most substantially involved in influencing antigen binding. The humanized antibodies may also contain modifications in the hinge region to improve one or more characteristics of the antibody.

In another alternative, antibodies may be screened and made recombinantly by phage display technology. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,565,332; 5,580,717; 5,733,743 and 6,265,150; and Winter et al., Annu. Rev. Immunol. 12:433-455 (1994). Alternatively, the phage display technology (McCafferty et al., Nature 348:552-553 (1990)) can be used to produce human antibodies and antibody fragments in vitro, from immunoglobulin variable (V) domain gene repertoires from unimmunized donors. According to this technique, antibody V domain genes are cloned in-frame into either a major or minor coat protein gene of a filamentous bacteriophage, such as M13 or fd, and displayed as functional antibody fragments on the surface of the phage particle. Because the filamentous particle contains a single-stranded DNA copy of the phage genome, selections based on the functional properties of the antibody also result in selection of the gene encoding the antibody exhibiting those properties. Thus, the phage mimics some of the properties of the B cell. Phage display can be performed in a variety of formats; for review see, e.g., Johnson, Kevin S. and Chiswell, David J., Current Opinion in Structural Biology 3, 564-571 (1993). Several sources of V-gene segments can be used for phage display. Clackson et al., Nature 352:624-628 (1991) isolated a diverse array of anti-oxazolone antibodies from a small random combinatorial library of V genes derived from the spleens of immunized mice. A repertoire of V genes from unimmunized human donors can be constructed and antibodies to a diverse array of antigens (including self-antigens) can be isolated essentially following the techniques described by Mark et al., J. Mol. Biol. 222:581-597 (1991), or Griffith et al., EMBO J. 12:725-734 (1993). In a natural immune response, antibody genes accumulate mutations at a high rate (somatic hypermutation). Some of the changes introduced will confer higher affinity, and B cells displaying high-affinity surface immunoglobulin are preferentially replicated and differentiated during subsequent antigen challenge. This natural process can be mimicked by employing the technique known as “chain shuffling.” Marks, et al., Bio/Technol. 10:779-783 (1992)). In this method, the affinity of “primary” human antibodies obtained by phage display can be improved by sequentially replacing the heavy and light chain V region genes with repertoires of naturally occurring variants (repertoires) of V domain genes obtained from unimmunized donors. This technique allows the production of antibodies and antibody fragments with affinities in the pM-nM range. A strategy for making very large phage antibody repertoires (also known as “the mother-of-all libraries”) has been described by Waterhouse et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 21:2265-2266 (1993). Gene shuffling can also be used to derive human antibodies from rodent antibodies, where the human antibody has similar affinities and specificities to the starting rodent antibody. According to this method, which is also referred to as “epitope imprinting”, the heavy or light chain V domain gene of rodent antibodies obtained by phage display technique is replaced with a repertoire of human V domain genes, creating rodent-human chimeras. Selection on antigen results in isolation of human variable regions capable of restoring a functional antigen-binding site, i.e., the epitope governs (imprints) the choice of partner. When the process is repeated in order to replace the remaining rodent V domain, a human antibody is obtained (see PCT Publication No. WO 93/06213, published Apr. 1, 1993). Unlike traditional humanization of rodent antibodies by CDR grafting, this technique provides completely human antibodies, which have no framework or CDR residues of rodent origin. It is apparent that although the above discussion pertains to humanized antibodies, the general principles discussed are applicable to customizing antibodies for use, for example, in dogs, cats, primates, equines and bovines.

In certain embodiments, the antibody is a fully human antibody. Non-human antibodies that specifically bind an antigen can be used to produce a fully human antibody that binds to that antigen. For example, the skilled artisan can employ a chain swapping technique, in which the heavy chain of a non-human antibody is co-expressed with an expression library expressing different human light chains. The resulting hybrid antibodies, containing one human light chain and one non-human heavy chain, are then screened for antigen binding. The light chains that participate in antigen binding are then co-expressed with a library of human antibody heavy chains. The resulting human antibodies are screened once more for antigen binding. Techniques such as this one are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,332. In addition, an antigen can be used to inoculate an animal that is transgenic for human immunoglobulin genes. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,661,016.

The antibody may be a bispecific antibody, a monoclonal antibody that has binding specificities for at least two different antigens, can be prepared using the antibodies disclosed herein. Methods for making bispecific antibodies are known in the art (see, e.g., Suresh et al., (1986), Methods in Enzymology 121:210). Traditionally, the recombinant production of bispecific antibodies was based on the coexpression of two immunoglobulin heavy chain-light chain pairs, with the two heavy chains having different specificities (Millstein and Cuello, (1983), Nature 305, 537-539).

According to one approach to making bispecific antibodies, antibody variable domains with the desired binding specificities (antibody-antigen combining sites) are fused to immunoglobulin constant domain sequences. The fusion preferably is with an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant domain, comprising at least part of the hinge, CH2 and CH3 regions. It is preferred to have the first heavy chain constant region (CH1), containing the site necessary for light chain binding, present in at least one of the fusions. DNAs encoding the immunoglobulin heavy chain fusions and, if desired, the immunoglobulin light chain, are inserted into separate expression vectors, and are cotransfected into a suitable host organism. This provides for great flexibility in adjusting the mutual proportions of the three polypeptide fragments in embodiments when unequal ratios of the three polypeptide chains used in the construction provide the optimum yields. It is, however, possible to insert the coding sequences for two or all three polypeptide chains in one expression vector when the expression of at least two polypeptide chains in equal ratios results in high yields or when the ratios are of no particular significance.

In one approach, the bispecific antibodies are composed of a hybrid immunoglobulin heavy chain with a first binding specificity in one arm, and a hybrid immunoglobulin heavy chain-light chain pair (providing a second binding specificity) in the other arm. This asymmetric structure, with an immunoglobulin light chain in only one half of the bispecific molecule, facilitates the separation of the desired bispecific compound from unwanted immunoglobulin chain combinations. This approach is described in PCT Publication No. WO 94/04690, published Mar. 3, 1994.

Heteroconjugate antibodies, comprising two covalently joined antibodies, are also within the scope of the invention. Such antibodies have been used to target immune system cells to unwanted cells (U.S. Pat. No. 4,676,980), and for treatment of HIV infection (PCT Publication Nos. WO 91/00360 and WO 92/200373; and EP 03089). Heteroconjugate antibodies may be made using any convenient cross-linking methods. Suitable cross-linking agents and techniques are well known in the art, and are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,676,980.

Single chain Fv fragments may also be produced, such as described in Iliades et al., 1997, FEBS Letters, 409:437-441. Coupling of such single chain fragments using various linkers is described in Kortt et al., 1997, Protein Engineering, 10:423-433. A variety of techniques for the recombinant production and manipulation of antibodies are well known in the art.

It is contemplated that the present invention encompasses not only the monoclonal antibodies described above, but also any fragments thereof containing the active binding region of the antibodies, such as Fab, F(ab′)₂, scFv, Fv fragments and the like. Such fragments can be produced from the monoclonal antibodies described herein using techniques well established in the art (Rousseaux et al. (1986), in Methods Enzymol., 121:663-69 Academic Press).

Methods of preparing antibody fragment are well known in the art. For example, an antibody fragment can be produced by enzymatic cleavage of antibodies with pepsin to provide a 100 Kd fragment denoted F(ab′)₂. This fragment can be further cleaved using a thiol reducing agent, and optionally a blocking group for the sulfhydryl groups resulting from cleavage of disulfide linkages, to produce 50 Kd Fab′ monovalent fragments. Alternatively, an enzymatic cleavage using papain produces two monovalent Fab fragments and an Fc fragment directly. These methods are described, for example, by U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,036,945 and 4,331,647 and references contained therein, which patents are incorporated herein by reference. Also, see Nisonoff et al. (1960), Arch Biochem. Biophys. 89: 230; Porter (1959), Biochem. J. 73: 119, Edelman et al., in METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY VOL. 1, page 422 (Academic Press 1967).

Alternatively, the Fab can be produced by inserting DNA encoding Fab of the antibody into an expression vector for prokaryote or an expression vector for eukaryote, and introducing the vector into a prokaryote or eukaryote to express the Fab.

In addition to the choice of host cells, factors that affect glycosylation during recombinant production of antibodies include growth mode, media formulation, culture density, oxygenation, pH, purification schemes and the like. Various methods have been proposed to alter the glycosylation pattern achieved in a particular host organism including introducing or overexpressing certain enzymes involved in oligosaccharide production (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,047,335; 5,510,261 and 5,278,299). Glycosylation, or certain types of glycosylation, can be enzymatically removed from the glycoprotein, for example using endoglycosidase H (Endo H), N-glycosidase F, endoglycosidase F1, endoglycosidase F2, endoglycosidase F3. In addition, the recombinant host cell can be genetically engineered to be defective in processing certain types of polysaccharides. These and similar techniques are well known in the art.

In some embodiments, the antibody of the invention may be modified using coupling techniques known in the art, including, but not limited to, enzymatic means, oxidative substitution and chelation. Modifications can be used, for example, for attachment of labels for immunoassay. Modified polypeptides are made using established procedures in the art and can be screened using standard assays known in the art, some of which are described below and in the Examples.

The antibody or polypeptide of the invention may be conjugated (for example, linked) to an agent, such as a therapeutic agent and a label. Examples of therapeutic agents are radioactive moieties, cytotoxins, or chemotherapeutic molecules.

The antibody (or polypeptide) of this invention may be linked to a label such as a fluorescent molecule, a radioactive molecule, an enzyme, or any other labels known in the art. As used herein, the term “label” refers to any molecule that can be detected. In a certain embodiment, an antibody may be labeled by incorporation of a radiolabeled amino acid. In a certain embodiment, biotin moieties that can be detected by marked avidin (e.g., streptavidin containing a fluorescent marker or enzymatic activity that can be detected by optical or colorimetric methods) may be attached to the antibody. In certain embodiments, a label may be incorporated into or attached to another reagent which in turn binds to the antibody of interest. For example, a label may be incorporated into or attached to an antibody that in turn specifically binds the antibody of interest. In certain embodiments, the label or marker can also be therapeutic. Various methods of labeling polypeptides and glycoproteins are known in the art and may be used. Certain general classes of labels include, but are not limited to, enzymatic, fluorescent, chemiluminescent, and radioactive labels. Examples of labels for polypeptides include, but are not limited to, the following: radioisotopes or radionucleoides (e.g., ³H, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ³⁵S, ⁹⁰Y, ⁹⁹Tc, ¹¹¹In, ¹²⁵I , ¹³¹I), fluorescent labels (e.g., fluorescein isothocyanate (FITC), rhodamine, lanthanide phosphors, phycoerythrin (PE)), enzymatic labels (e.g., horseradish peroxidase, β-galactosidase, luciferase, alkaline phosphatase, glucose oxidase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, alcohol dehyrogenase, malate dehyrogenase, penicillinase, luciferase), chemiluminescent, biotinyl groups, predetermined polypeptide epitopes recognized by a secondary reporter (e.g., leucine zipper pair sequences, binding sites for secondary antibodies, metal binding domains, epitope tags). In certain embodiments, labels are attached by spacer arms of various lengths to reduce potential steric hindrance.

The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising antibodies or polypeptides described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipients. Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are known in the art, and are relatively inert substances that facilitate administration of a pharmacologically effective substance. For example, an excipient can give form or consistency, or act as a diluent. Suitable excipients include but are not limited to stabilizing agents, wetting and emulsifying agents, salts for varying osmolarity, encapsulating agents, buffers, and skin penetration enhancers. Excipients as well as formulations for parenteral and nonparenteral drug delivery are set forth in Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy 20th Ed. Mack Publishing (2000).

In some embodiments, the invention provides compositions (described herein) for use in any of the methods described herein, whether in the context of use as a medicament and/or use for manufacture of a medicament.

Polynucleotides, Vectors and Host Cells

The invention also provides polynucleotides comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding any of the monoclonal antibodies and polypeptides described herein. In some embodiments, the polypeptides comprise the sequences of light chain and/or heavy chain variable regions.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotides comprise a nucleic acid sequence encoding a heavy chain comprising a heavy chain variable region comprising one or more CDR regions from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and a heavy chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:11-30, and/or a nucleic acid sequence encoding a light chain comprising a light chain variable region comprising one or more CDR regions from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 and a light chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:10 and 31-37. In some embodiments, the polynucleotides comprise a nucleic acid sequence encoding a heavy chain comprising a heavy chain variable region comprising three CDR regions from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and a heavy chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:11-30, and/or a nucleic acid sequence encoding a light chain comprising a light chain variable region comprising three CDR regions from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 and a constant region comprising the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 10 and 31-37.

It is appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that, as a result of the degeneracy of the genetic code, there are many nucleotide sequences that encode a polypeptide as described herein. Some of these polynucleotides bear minimal homology to the nucleotide sequence of any native gene. Thus, polynucleotides that vary due to differences in codon usage are specifically contemplated by the present invention. Further, alleles of the genes comprising the polynucleotide sequences provided herein are within the scope of the present invention. Alleles are endogenous genes that are altered as a result of one or more mutations, such as deletions, additions and/or substitutions of nucleotides. The resulting mRNA and protein can, but need not, have an altered structure or function. Alleles can be identified using standard techniques (such as hybridization, amplification and/or database sequence comparison).

The polynucleotides of this invention can be obtained using chemical synthesis, recombinant methods, or PCR. Methods of chemical polynucleotide synthesis are well known in the art and need not be described in detail herein. One of skill in the art can use the sequences provided herein and a commercial DNA synthesizer to produce a desired DNA sequence.

For preparing polynucleotides using recombinant methods, a polynucleotide comprising a desired sequence can be inserted into a suitable vector, and the vector in turn can be introduced into a suitable host cell for replication and amplification, as further discussed herein. Polynucleotides can be inserted into host cells by any means known in the art. Cells are transformed by introducing an exogenous polynucleotide by direct uptake, endocytosis, transfection, F-mating or electroporation. Once introduced, the exogenous polynucleotide can be maintained within the cell as a non-integrated vector (such as a plasmid) or integrated into the host cell genome. The polynucleotide so amplified can be isolated from the host cell by methods well known within the art. See, e.g., Sambrook et al. (1989).

Alternatively, PCR allows reproduction of DNA sequences. PCR technology is well known in the art and is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,683,195, 4,800,159, 4,754,065 and 4,683,202, as well as PCR: The Polymerase Chain Reaction, Mullis et al. eds., Birkauswer Press, Boston (1994).

The invention also provides vectors (e.g., cloning vectors, expression vectors) comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding any of the polypeptides (including antibodies) described herein. Suitable cloning vectors can be constructed according to standard techniques, or may be selected from a large number of cloning vectors available in the art. While the cloning vector selected may vary according to the host cell intended to be used, useful cloning vectors generally have the ability to self-replicate, may possess a single target for a particular restriction endonuclease, and/or may carry genes for a marker that can be used in selecting clones containing the vector. Suitable examples include plasmids and bacterial viruses, e.g., pUC18, pUC19, Bluescript (e.g., pBS SK+) and its derivatives, mp18, mp19, pBR322, pMB9, ColE1, pCR1, RP4, phage DNAs, and shuttle vectors such as pSA3 and pAT28. These and many other cloning vectors are available from commercial vendors such as BioRad, Strategene, and Invitrogen.

Expression vectors generally are replicable polynucleotide constructs that contain a polynucleotide according to the invention. The expression vector may replicable in the host cells either as episomes or as an integral part of the chromosomal DNA. Suitable expression vectors include but are not limited to plasmids, viral vectors, including adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, retroviruses, cosmids, and expression vector(s) disclosed in PCT Publication No. WO 87/04462. Vector components may generally include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: a signal sequence; an origin of replication; one or more marker genes; suitable transcriptional controlling elements (such as promoters, enhancers and terminator). For expression (i.e., translation), one or more translational controlling elements are also usually required, such as ribosome binding sites, translation initiation sites, and stop codons.

The vectors containing the polynucleotides of interest can be introduced into the host cell by any of a number of appropriate means, including electroporation, transfection employing calcium chloride, rubidium chloride, calcium phosphate, DEAE-dextran, or other substances; microprojectile bombardment; lipofection; and infection (e.g., where the vector is an infectious agent such as vaccinia virus). The choice of introducing vectors or polynucleotides will often depend on features of the host cell.

The invention also provides host cells comprising any of the polynucleotides or vectors described herein. Any host cells capable of over-expressing heterologous DNAs can be used for the purpose of isolating the genes encoding the antibody, polypeptide or protein of interest. Non-limiting examples of mammalian host cells include but not limited to COS, HeLa, and CHO cells. See also PCT Publication No. WO 87/04462. Suitable non-mammalian host cells include prokaryotes (such as E. coli or B. subtillis) and yeast (such as S. cerevisae, S. pombe; or K. lactis).

Diagnostic Uses

The present invention provides a method of using the antibodies, polypeptides and polynucleotides of the present invention for detection, diagnosis and monitoring of a disease, disorder or condition associated with the epitope expression (either increased or decreased relative to a normal sample, and/or inappropriate expression, such as presence of expression in tissues(s) and/or cell(s) that normally lack the epitope expression).

In some embodiments, the method comprises detecting the epitope expression in a sample obtained from a subject suspected of having cancer, such colorectal, pancreatic, gastric, and lung cancer. Preferably, the method of detection comprises contacting the sample with an antibody, polypeptide, or polynucleotide of the present invention and determining whether the level of binding differs from that of a control or comparison sample. The method is also useful to determine whether the antibodies or polypeptides described herein are an appropriate treatment for the patient.

As used herein, the term “a sample” or “a biological sample” refers to a whole organism or a subset of its tissues, cells or component parts (e.g. body fluids, including but not limited to blood, mucus, lymphatic fluid, synovial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, amniotic fluid, amniotic cord blood, urine, vaginal fluid and semen). “A sample” or “a biological sample” further refers to a homogenate, lysate or extract prepared from a whole organism or a subset of its tissues, cells or component parts, or a fraction or portion thereof, including but not limited to, for example, plasma, serum, spinal fluid, lymph fluid, the external sections of the skin, respiratory, intestinal, and genitourinary tracts, tears, saliva, milk, blood cells, tumors, organs. Most often, the sample has been removed from an animal, but the term “a sample” or “a biological sample” can also refer to cells or tissue analyzed in vivo, i.e., without removal from animal. Typically, “a sample” or “a biological sample” will contain cells from the animal, but the term can also refer to non-cellular biological material, such as non-cellular fractions of blood, saliva, or urine, that can be used to measure the cancer-associated polynucleotide or polypeptides levels. “A sample” or “a biological sample” further refers to a medium, such as a nutrient broth or gel in which an organism has been propagated, which contains cellular components, such as proteins or nucleic acid molecules.

In one embodiment, the cells or cell/tissue lysate are contacted with an antibody and the binding between the antibody and the cell is determined. When the test cells are shown binding activity as compared to a control cell of the same tissue type, it may indicate that the test cell is cancerous. In some embodiments, the test cells are from human tissues.

Various methods known in the art for detecting specific antibody-antigen binding can be used. Exemplary immunoassays which can be conducted according to the invention include fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA), fluorescence immunoassay (FIA), enzyme immunoassay (EIA), nephelometric inhibition immunoassay (NIA), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and radioimmunoassay (RIA). An indicator moiety, or label group, can be attached to the subject antibodies and is selected so as to meet the needs of various uses of the method which are often dictated by the availability of assay equipment and compatible immunoassay procedures. Appropriate labels include, without limitation, radionuclides (e.g., ¹²⁵I, ¹³¹I, ³⁵S, ³H, or ³²P), enzymes (e.g., alkaline phosphatase, horseradish peroxidase, luciferase, or β-glactosidase), fluorescent moieties or proteins (e.g., fluorescein, rhodamine, phycoerythrin, GFP, or BFP), or luminescent moieties (e.g., Qdot™ nanoparticles supplied by the Quantum Dot Corporation, Palo Alto, Calif.). General techniques to be used in performing the various immunoassays noted above are known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

For purposes of diagnosis, the polypeptide including antibodies can be labeled with a detectable moiety including but not limited to radioisotopes, fluorescent labels, and various enzyme-substrate labels know in the art. Methods of conjugating labels to an antibody are known in the art.

In some embodiments, the polypeptides including antibodies of the invention need not be labeled, and the presence thereof can be detected using a labeled antibody which binds to the antibodies of the invention.

The antibodies of the present invention can be employed in any known assay method, such as competitive binding assays, direct and indirect sandwich assays, and immunoprecipitation assays. Zola, Monoclonal Antibodies: A Manual of Techniques, pp. 147-158 (CRC Press, Inc. 1987).

The antibodies and polypeptides can also be used for in vivo diagnostic assays, such as in vivo imaging. Generally, the antibody or the polypeptide is labeled with a radionuclide (such as ¹¹¹In, ⁹⁹Tc, ¹⁴C, ¹³¹I, ¹²⁵I, or ³H) so that the cells or tissue of interest can be localized using immunoscintiography.

The antibody may also be used as staining reagent in pathology using techniques well known in the art.

Therapeutic Uses

The antibodies of the present invention are capable of inducing nonhematopoietic cancer cell death. Thus, the present invention provides therapeutic uses of the antibodies and polypeptides of the present invention in treating and/or delaying development of cancer, such as, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and thyroid cancer. Any cancer may be treated, such as colon cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, brain tumor, malignant melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, bladder cancer, lymphomas, T cell lymphomas, multiple myeloma, gastric cancer, pancreas cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial carcinoma, ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, liver cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, cutaneous cancer, urinary tract carcinoma, prostate cancer, choriocarcinoma, pharyngeal cancer, laryngeal cancer, thecomatosis, androblastoma, endometrium hyperplasy, endometriosis, embryoma, fibrosarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, hemangioma, cavernous hemangioma, angioblastoma, retinoblastoma, astrocytoma, neurofibroma, oligodendroglioma, medulloblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, glioma, rhabdomyosarcoma, hamartoblastoma, osteogenic sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, thyroid sarcoma and Wilms tumor, as long as the cancer cell expresses the epitope recognized by the antibodies described herein. The method may further comprise a step of detecting the binding between an antibody or a polypeptide described herein and a tumor or cancer cell in an individual to be treated.

Generally, an effective amount of a composition comprising an antibody or a polypeptide is administered to a subject in need of treatment, thereby inhibiting growth of the cancer cell and/or inducing death of the cancer cell. Preferably the composition is formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In one embodiment, the composition is formulated for administration by intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, and intramuscular injections, and other forms of administration such as oral, mucosal, via inhalation, sublingually, etc.

In another embodiment, the present invention also contemplates administration of a composition comprising the antibodies or polypeptides of the present invention conjugated to other molecules, such as detectable labels, or therapeutic or cytotoxic agents. The agents may include, but are not limited to radioisotopes, toxins, toxoids, inflammatory agents, enzymes, antisense molecules, peptides, cytokines, or chemotherapeutic agents. Methods of conjugating the antibodies with such molecules are generally known to those of skilled in the art. See, e.g., PCT publications WO 92/08495; WO 91/14438; WO 89/12624; U.S. Pat. No. 5,314,995; and EP 396,387; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

In one embodiment, the composition comprises an antibody or polypeptide conjugated to a cytotoxic agent. Cytotoxic agents can include any agents that are detrimental to cells. A preferred class of cytotoxic agents that can be conjugated to the antibodies or fragments may include, but are not limited to paclitaxol, cytochalasin B, gramicidin D, ethidium bromide, emetine, mitomycin, etoposide, tenoposide, vincristine, vinblastine, colchicin, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, dihydroxy anthracin dione, mitoxantrone, mithramycin, actinomycin D, 1-dehydrotestosterone, glucocorticoids, procaine, tetracaine, lidocaine, propranolol, and puromycin and analogs or homologs thereof.

The dosage required for the treatment depends on the choice of the route of administration, the nature of the formulation, the nature of the subject's illness, the subject's size, weight, surface area, age and sex; other drugs being administered, and the judgment of the attending physician. Suitable dosages are in the range of 0.01-1000.0 mg/kg.

Generally, any of the following doses may be used: a dose of at least about 50 mg/kg body weight; at least about 10 mg/kg body weight; at least about 3 mg/kg body weight; at least about 1 mg/kg body weight; at least about 750 μg/kg body weight; at least about 500 μg/kg body weight; at least about 250 μg/kg body weight; at least about 100 μg/kg body weight; at least about 50 μg/kg body weight; at least about 10 μg/kg body weight; at least about 1 μg/kg body weight, or less, is administered. For repeated administrations over several days or longer, depending on the condition, the treatment is sustained until a desired suppression of disease symptoms occurs. An exemplary dosing regimen comprises administering a weekly dose of about 6 mg/kg of the antibody . However, other dosage regimens may be useful, depending on the pattern of pharmacokinetic decay that the practitioner wishes to achieve. Empirical considerations, such as the half-life, generally will contribute to determination of the dosage. The progress of this therapy is easily monitored by conventional techniques and assays.

In some subjects, more than one dose may be required. Frequency of administration may be determined and adjusted over the course of therapy. For example, frequency of administration may be determined or adjusted based on the type and stage of the cancer to be treated, whether the agent is administered for preventive or therapeutic purposes, previous therapy, the patient's clinical history and response to the agent, and the discretion of the attending physician. Typically the clinician will administer a therapeutic antibody (such as a chimeric 5F1 antibody), until a proper dosage is reached to achieves the desired result. In some cases, sustained continuous release formulations of antibodies may be appropriate. Various formulations and devices for achieving sustained release are known in the art.

In one embodiment, dosages for the antibodies or polypeptides may be determined empirically in subjects who have been given one or more administration(s). Subjects are given incremental dosages of the antibodies or polypeptides. To assess efficacy of the antibodies or polypeptides, markers of the disease symptoms such as CD43 or CEA can be monitored. Efficacy in vivo can also be measured by assessing tumor burden or volume, the time to disease progression (TDP), and/or determining the response rates (RR).

Administration of an antibody or polypeptide in accordance with the method in the present invention can be continuous or intermittent, depending, for example, upon the recipient's physiological condition, whether the purpose of the administration is therapeutic or prophylactic, and other factors known to skilled practitioners. The administration of an antibody or a polypeptide may be essentially continuous over a preselected period of time or may be in a series of spaced dose.

Other formulations include suitable delivery forms known in the art including, but not limited to, carriers such as liposomes. See, for example, Mahato et al. (1997) Pharm. Res. 14:853-859. Liposomal preparations include, but are not limited to, cytofectins, multilamellar vesicles and unilamellar vesicles.

In another embodiment, the composition can comprise one or more anti-cancer agents, one or more antibodies described herein, or with an antibody or polypeptide that binds to a different antigen. Such composition can contain at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five different antibodies. The antibodies and other anti-cancer agents may be in the same formulation (e.g., in a mixture, as they are often denoted in the art), or in separate formulations but are administered concurrently or sequentially, are particularly useful in treating a broader range of population of individuals.

A polynucleotide encoding any of the antibodies or polypeptides of the present invention can also be used for delivery and expression of any of the antibodies or polypeptides of the present invention in a desired cell. It is apparent that an expression vector can be used to direct expression of the antibody or polypeptide. The expression vector can be administered by any means known in the art, such as intraperitoneally, intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intrathecally, intraventricularly, orally, enterally, parenterally, intranasally, dermally, sublingually, or by inhalation. For example, administration of expression vectors includes local or systemic administration, including injection, oral administration, particle gun or catheterized administration, and topical administration. One skilled in the art is familiar with administration of expression vectors to obtain expression of an exogenous protein in vivo. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,436,908; 6,413,942; and 6,376,471.

Targeted delivery of therapeutic compositions comprising a polynucleotide encoding any of the antibodies or polypeptides of the present invention can also be used. Receptor-mediated DNA delivery techniques are described in, for example, Findeis et al., Trends Biotechnol. (1993) 11:202; Chiou et al., Gene Therapeutics: Methods And Applications Of Direct Gene Transfer (J. A. Wolff, ed.) (1994); Wu et al., J. Biol. Chem. (1988) 263:621; Wu et al., J. Biol. Chem. (1994) 269:542; Zenke et al. (1990), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87:3655; Wu et al. (1991), J. Biol. Chem. 266:338. Therapeutic compositions containing a polynucleotide are administered in a range of about 100 ng to about 200 mg of DNA for local administration in a gene therapy protocol. Concentration ranges of about 500 ng to about 50 mg, about 1 μg to about 2 mg, about 5 μg to about 500 μg, and about 20 μg to about 100 μg of DNA can also be used during a gene therapy protocol.

The therapeutic polynucleotides and polypeptides of the present invention can be delivered using gene delivery vehicles. The gene delivery vehicle can be of viral or non-viral origin (see generally, Jolly (1994), Cancer Gene Therapy 1:51; Kimura (1994), Human Gene Therapy 5:845; Connelly (1985), Human Gene Therapy 1:185; and Kaplitt (1994), Nature Genetics 6:148). Expression of such coding sequences can be induced using endogenous mammalian or heterologous promoters. Expression of the coding sequence can be either constitutive or regulated.

Viral-based vectors for delivery of a desired polynucleotide and expression in a desired cell are well known in the art. Exemplary viral-based vehicles include, but are not limited to, recombinant retroviruses, e.g., PCT Publication Nos. WO 90/07936; WO 94/03622; WO 93/25698; WO 93/25234; WO 93/11230; WO 93/10218; WO 91/02805; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,219,740; 4,777,127; GB Patent No. 2,200,651; and EP Patent No. 0 345 242; alphavirus-based vectors, e.g., Sindbis virus vectors, Semliki forest virus (ATCC VR-67; ATCC VR-1247), Ross River virus (ATCC VR-373; ATCC VR-1246) and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (ATCC VR-923; ATCC VR-1250; ATCC VR 1249; ATCC VR-532)), and adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors, e.g., PCT Publication Nos. WO 94/12649, WO 93/03769; WO 93/19191; WO 94/28938; WO 95/11984 and WO 95/00655. Administration of DNA linked to killed adenovirus as described in Curiel (1992), Hum. Gene Ther. 3:147 can also be employed.

Non-viral delivery vehicles and methods can also be employed, including, but are not limited to, polycationic condensed DNA linked or unlinked to killed adenovirus alone (see, e.g., Curiel (1992), Hum. Gene Ther. 3:147); ligand-linked DNA (see, e.g., Wu (1989), J. Biol. Chem. 264:16985); eukaryotic cell delivery vehicles cells (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,814,482; PCT Publication Nos. WO 95/07994; WO 96/17072; WO 95/30763; and WO 97/42338) and nucleic charge neutralization or fusion with cell membranes.

Naked DNA can also be employed. Exemplary naked DNA introduction methods are described in PCT Publication No. WO 90/11092 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,859. Liposomes that can act as gene delivery vehicles are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,422,120; PCT Publication Nos. WO 95/13796; WO 94/23697; WO 91/14445; and EP Patent NO. 0 524 968. Additional approaches are described in Philip (1994), Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:2411 and in Woffendin (1994), PNAS 91:1581.

Additionally, the invention provides a method of treating cancer in an individual comprising a) administering to the individual an effective amount of a composition comprising an antibody of the present invention and b) applying a second cancer therapy to the individual. In some embodiments, the second therapy includes surgery, radiation, hormone therapy, gene therapy, other antibody therapy, and chemotherapy. The composition comprising the antibody and the second therapy can be applied concurrently (e.g., simultaneous administration) and/or sequentially (e.g., sequential administration). For example, the composition comprising the antibody and the second therapy are applied with a time separation of no more than about 15 minutes, such as no more than about any of 10, 5, or 1 minutes. Alternatively, the composition comprising the antibody and the second therapy are applied with a time separation of more than about 15 minutes, such as about any of 20, 30, 40, 50, or 60 minutes, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, or 1 month, or longer.

The composition comprising an antibody of the present invention can be administered sequentially or concurrently with one or more other therapeutic agents such as chemotherapeutic agents (such as 5-FU, 5-FU/MTX, 5-FU/Leucovorin, Levamisole, Irinotecan, Oxaliplatin, Capecitabin, or Uracil/Tegafur), immunoadjuvants, growth inhibitory agents, cytotoxic agents and cytokines, etc. The amounts of the antibody and the therapeutic agent depend on what type of drugs are used, the pathological condition being treated, and the scheduling and routes of administration but would generally be less than if each were used individually.

Following administration of the composition comprising the antibody described herein, the efficacy of the composition can be evaluated both in vitro and in vivo by various methods well known to one of ordinary skill in the art. Various animal models are well known for testing anti-cancer activity of a candidate composition. These include human tumor xenografting into athymic nude mice or scid/scid mice, or genetic murine tumor models such as p53 knockout mice. The in vivo nature of these animal models make them particularly predictive of responses in human patients. Such models can be generated by introducing cells into syngeneic mice using standard techniques, e.g., subcutaneous injection, tail vein injection, spleen implantation, intraperitoneal implantation and implantation under the renal capsule, etc.

Kits

The invention also provides kits for use in the instant methods. Kits of the invention include one or more containers comprising a purified antibody or a polypeptide described herein and instructions for use in accordance with any of the methods of the invention described herein. In some embodiments, these instructions comprise a description of administration of the antibody to treat and/or delay development of a nonhematopoietic cancer, such as colorectal cancer, according to any of the methods described herein. The kit may further comprise a description of selecting an individual suitable for treatment based on identifying whether that individual has the disease and the stage of the disease, or whether the epitope is expressed on the cancer cells in the individual.

In some embodiments, the kits for detecting a cancer cell in a sample comprise an antibody or a polypeptide described herein and reagents for detecting binding of the antibody or the polypeptide to a cell in the sample.

The instructions relating to the use of the antibodies or polypeptides to treat or delay development of cancer generally include information as to dosage, dosing schedule, and route of administration for the intended treatment. The containers may be unit doses, bulk packages (e.g., multi-dose packages) or sub-unit doses. Instructions supplied in the kits of the invention are typically written instructions on a label or package insert (e.g., a paper sheet included in the kit), but machine-readable instructions (e.g., instructions carried on a magnetic or optical storage disk) are also acceptable.

The label or package insert indicates that the composition is used for treating a cancer described herein. Instructions may be provided for practicing any of the methods described herein.

The kits of this invention are in suitable packaging. Suitable packaging includes, but is not limited to, vials, bottles, jars, flexible packaging (e.g., sealed Mylar or plastic bags), and the like. Also contemplated are packages for use in combination with a specific device, such as an inhaler, nasal administration device (e.g., an atomizer) or an infusion device such as a minipump. A kit may have a sterile access port (for example the container may be an intravenous solution bag or a vial having a stopper pierceable by a hypodermic injection needle). The container may also have a sterile access port (for example the container may be an intravenous solution bag or a vial having a stopper pierceable by a hypodermic injection needle). At least one active agent in the composition is an antibody described herein. The container may further comprise a second pharmaceutically active agent.

Kits may optionally provide additional components such as buffers and interpretive information. Normally, the kit comprises a container and a label or package insert(s) on or associated with the container.

EXAMPLES

The following Examples are provided to illustrate but not to limit the invention.

Example 1 Cloning of the Variable Regions of Light and Heavy Chains of 5F1

As shown in U.S. application Ser. No. 11/811,303 filed on Jun. 7, 2007 (published as U.S. Pub. No. 2008/0171043), the variable region cDNAs of 5F1 light and heavy chain variable regions were amplified by PCR, and the synthesized cDNAs were subcloned into pCRII (Invitrogen) for sequence determination. Nucleotide sequences were obtained from several independent clones and analyzed. Identical cDNA sequence from independent clones was chosen to represent the light or heavy chain V region of each antibody. Table 2 below shows the translated amino acid sequences of and nucleotide sequences encoding the light and heavy chain V regions of murine 5F1 (m5F1) and humanized 5F1Vc (h5F1Vc).

TABLE 2 Amino acid sequences of the antibodies' variable regions, and nucleic acid sequences encoding the antibodies' variable regions (CDRs are underlined; signal peptide sequences are in italics.) m5F1 heavy chain amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) and nucleo- tide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 5)   1  M  E  W  S  W  I  F  L  F  L  L  S  G  T  A  G  V  H  S  E   1 ATGGAATGGAGTTGGATATTTCTCTTTCTCCTGTCAGGAACTGCAGGTGTCCACTCTGAG  21 V  Q  L  Q  Q  S  G  P  E  L  V  K  P  G  A  S  V  R  M  S  61 GTCCAGCTGCAGCAGTCTGGACCTGAGCTGGTAAAGCCTGGGGCTTCAGTGAGGATGTCC  41  C  T  A  S  G  Y  T  F  T  S  Y  V  M  H  W  I  K  Q  K  P 121 TGCACGGCTTCTGGATACACATTCACTAGCTATGTTATGCACTGGATAAAGCAGAAGCCT  61  G  Q  G  L  D  W  I  G  Y  I  N  P  Y  N  G  G  T  Q  Y  N 181 GGGCAGGGCCTTGACTGGATTGGATATATTAATCCTTACAATGGTGGTACTCAGTACAAT  81  E  K  F  K  G  K  A  T  L  T  S  D  K  S  S  S  T  A  Y  M 241 GAGAAGTTCAAAGGCAAGGCCACACTGACTTCAGACAAATCCTCCAGCACAGCCTACATG 101  E  L  S  S  L  T  S  E  D  S  A  V  Y  Y  C  A  R  R  T  F 301 GAGCTCAGCAGCCTGACCTCTGAGGACTCTGCGGTCTATTACTGTGCAAGACGGACCTTC 121  P  Y  Y  F  D  Y  W  G  Q  G  T  T  L  T  V  S  S 361 CCGTACTACTTTGACTACTGGGGCCAAGGCACCACTCTCACAGTCTCCTCA m5F1 light chain amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2) and nucleo- tide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 6)   1  M  K  L  P  V  R  L  L  V  L  M  F  W  I  P  A  S  S  S  D   1 ATGAAGTTGCCTGTTAGGCTGTTGGTGCTGATGTTCTGGATTCCTGCTTCCAGCAGTGAT  21  V  L  M  T  Q  T  P  L  S  L  P  V  S  L  G  D  Q  A  S  I  61 GTTTTGATGACCCAAACTCCACTCTCCCTGCCTGTCAGTCTTGGAGATCAAGCCTCCATC  41  S  C  R  S  S  Q  S  I  L  H  S  N  G  N  T  Y  L  E  W  Y 121 TCTTGCAGATCTAGTCAGAGCATTTTACATAGTAATGGAAACACCTATTTAGAATGGTAC  61  L  Q  K  P  G  Q  S  P  K  L  L  I  Y  K  V  S  N  R  F  S 181 CTGCAGAAACCAGGCCAGTCTCCAAASCTCCTGATCTACAAASTTTCCAACCGATTTTCT  81 G V P D R F S G S G S G T D F T L K I S 241 GGGGTCCCAGACAGGTTCAGTGGCAGTGGATCAGGGACAGATTTCACACTCAAGATCAGC 101  R  V  E  A  E  D  L  G  V  Y  Y  C  F  Q  G  S  H  A  P  L 301 AGAGTGGAGGCTGAGGATCTGGGAGTTTACTACTGCTTTCAAGGTTCACATGCTCCTCTC 121  T  F  G  A  G  T  K  L  E  L  K 361 ACGTTCGGTGCTGGGACCAAGCTGGAGCTGAAA h5F1Vc heavy chain amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 3) and nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 7)   1  M  G  W  S  W  I  F  L  F  L  L  S  G  T  A  G  V  H  S  Q   1 ATGGGATGGAGCTGGATCTTTCTCTTCCTCCTGTCAGGTACCGCGGGCGTGCACTCTCAG  21  V  Q  L  V  Q  S  G  A  E  V  K  K  P  G  S  S  V  K  V  S  61 GTCCAGCTTGTCCAGTCTGGGGCTGAAGTCAAGAAACCTGGCTCGAGCGTGAAGGTCTCC  41  C  K  A  S  G  Y  T  F  T  S  Y  V  M  H  W  V  R  Q  A  P 121 TGCAAGGCTTCTGGCTACACCTTTACTAGCTATGTTATGCACTGGGTAAGGCAGGCCCCT  61  G  Q  G  L  E  W  I  G  Y  I  N  P  Y  N  G  G  T  Q  Y  N 181 GGACAGGGTCTGGAATGGATTGGATATATTAATCCTTACAATGGTGGTACTCAGTACAAT  81  E  K  F  K  G  K  A  T  I  T  A  D  E  S  T  N  T  A  Y  M 241 GAGAAGTTCAAAGGCAAGGCCACAATTACTGCAGACGAATCCACCAATACAGCCTACATG 101  E  L  S  S  L  T  S  E  D  S  A  V  Y  Y  C  A  R  R  T  F 301 GAACTGAGCAGCCTGACATCTGAGGACAGCGCAGTCTATTACTGTGCAAGACGGACCTTC 121  P  Y  Y  F  D  Y  W  G  Q  G  T  T  L  T  V  S  S 361 CCGTACTACTTTGACTACTGGGGCCAAGGAACCACGCTCACAGTCTCCTCA h5F1Vc light chain amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 4) and nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 8)   1  M  E  T  D  T  L  L  L  W  V  L  L  L  W  V  P  G  S  T  G   1 ATGGAGACCGATACCCTCCTGCTATGGGTCCTCCTGCTATGGGTCCCAGGATCAACCGGA  21  D  I  Q  M  T  Q  S  P  S  S  L  S  A  S  V  G  D  R  V  T  61 GATATTCAGATGACCCAGTCTCCATCTTCCCTCTCTGCTAGCGTCGGGGATAGGGTCACC  41  I  T  C  R  S  S  Q  S  I  L  H  S  N  G  N  T  Y  L  E  W 121 ATAACCTGCAGATCTAGTCAGAGCATTTTACATAGTAATGGAAACACCTATTTAGAATGG  61  Y  Q  Q  K  P  G  K  A  P  K  L  L  I  Y  K  V  S  N  R  F 181 TACCAGCAGAAGCCAGGCAAAGCTCCCAAGCTTCTAATCTATAAAGTTTCCAACCGATTT  81  S  G  V  P  S  R  F  S  G  S  G  S  G  T  D  F  T  L  T  I 241 TCTGGAGTCCCTTCACGCTTCAGTGGCAGTGGATCTGGGACCGATTTCACCCTCACAATC 101  S  S  L  Q  P  D  D  F  A  T  Y  Y  C  F  Q  G  S  H  A  P 301 AGCTCTCTGCAGCCAGATGATTTCGCCACTTATTACTGCTTTCAAGGTTCACATGCTCCT 121  L  T  F  G  Q  G  T  K  V  E  L  K 361 CTCACGTTCGGTCAGGGGACCAAGGTGGAGCTGAAA

Example 2 Modified Version of chimeric 5F1 Variants

The isotype of mouse 5F1 antibody is murine IgG3. To obviate the problem of human anti-mouse antibodies (HAMA) response and to have more efficient Fc-dependent functions in humans, a chimeric form of 5F1 (c5F1) antibody (c5F1-v0; for heavy chain: SEQ ID NO.1(VH), NO.9(CH); for light chain SEQ ID NO.2(VL), NO.10(CL), see Table 2 and FIG. 2) was generated by combining the variable (V) region of murine 5F1 antibody with the constant region of human IgG1. The amino acid sequences of heavy chain constant region, which include CH1, hinge, CH2 and CH3 domains, of human IgG1 and murine IgG3, were also compared. From sequence comparison, the CH1-hinge region shows the biggest difference between murine IgG3 and human IgG1 (FIG. 1). As used herein for sequence comparisons, “*” means that the residues in that column are identical in all sequences in the alignment, “:” means that conserved substitutions have been observed, and “.” means that semi-conserved substitutions are observed. To have the c5F1 with equivalent apoptosis-inducing activity as that of the murine 5F1, several modifications in the CH1 and/or hinge domains of c5F1 heavy chain were made (Table 3; residue numbering in Table 3 is according to the EU numbering system as described in Burton, Mol. Immunol. 22:161-206, 1985) and several modifications in the C5F1 light chain were made (Table 4). In some cases the modified heavy chain were expressed together with a c-terminal modified light chain (Table 5). See also FIG. 2 for heavy chain and light chain amino acid sequences.

TABLE 3 The modification for v0[H] heavy chain based on human IgG1 constant region. Mutation Amp. Hinge Mutation Amp. Version CH1 modification primer primer modification primer primer v1 S131C M23, M24 A3, A4 C220S M2 v2 ¹³¹SSK → CSR M25, M26 v3 ¹²⁹APSSKS M21, M22 (SEQ ID NO: 140) → VPGCSD (SEQ ID NO: 141) v4 ¹³¹SSKS M19, M20 (SEQ ID NO: 142) → GCSD (SEQ ID NO: 143) v5 S131C M23, M24 A3, A4 C220S, C226G M2, M7, A1, A2 v6 ¹³¹SSK → CSR M25, M26 M8 v7 S131C M23, M24 A3, A4 C220S, ²²⁶CPP → M2, M9, v8 ¹³¹SSK → CSR M25, M26 GSS M10 v9 S131C M23, M24 A3, A4 C220S, ²²⁴HTCPP M2, v10 ¹³¹SSK → CSR M25, M26 (SEQ ID NO: 144) → M11, v11 ¹²⁹APSSKS M21, M22 PPGSS M12 (SEQ ID NO: 146) → (SEQ ID NO: 145) VPGCSD (SEQ ID NO: 147) v12 ¹³¹SSKS M19, M20 (SEQ ID NO: 148) → GCSD (SEQ ID NO: 149) v13 S131C M23, M24 A3, A4 ²¹⁸KSCDKTHTCPP M13, v14 ¹³¹SSK → CSR M25, M26 (SEQ ID NO: 150) → M14 RIPKPSTPPGSS (SEQ ID NO: 151) (Replace by mIGg3 hinge) v15 delete 220C (SD) M1 v16 C220S (SSD) M2 v17 ²¹⁸KSCDK M15, A1, A2 (SEQ ID NO: 152) → M16 KSSCDK (SEQ ID NO: 153) v18 ²¹⁸KSCDK M17, (SEQ ID NO: 154) → M18 KCSDK (SEQ ID NO: 155) v19 ²¹⁸KSCDK M3, M4 (SEQ ID NO: 156) → KSDKSCDK (SEQ ID NO: 157) v20 ²¹⁸KSCDK M5, M6 (SEQ ID NO: 158) → KSCDKSDK (SEQ ID NO: 159)

TABLE 4 The modifications for v0[L] light chain constant region based on human IgG1 kappa chain

TABLE 5 Chimeric antibodies comprising the combination of modified heavy and/or light chain constant regions Antibodies Heavy chain Light chain c5F1-v0 v0[H] v0[L] c5F1-v1 v1 v0[L] c5F1-v2 v2 v0[L] c5F1-v3 v3 v0[L] c5F1-v4 v4 v0[L] c5F1-v5 v5 v0[L] c5F1-v6 v6 v0[L] c5F1-v7 v7 v0[L] c5F1-v8 v8 v0[L] c5F1-v9 v9 v0[L] c5F1-v10 v10 v0[L] c5F1-v11 v11 v0[L] c5F1-v12 v12 v0[L] c5F1-v13 v13 v0[L] c5F1-v14 v14 v0[L] c5F1-v15 v15 v0[L] c5F1-v16 v16 v0[L] c5F1-v17 v17 v0[L] c5F1-v18 v18 v0[L] c5F1-v19 v19 v0[L] c5F1-v20 v20 v0[L] c5F1-v21 v19 v21 c5F1-v22 v19 v22 c5F1-v23 v19 v23 c5F1-v24 v19 v24 c5F1-v25 v19 v25 c5F1-v26 v19 v26 c5F1-v27 v19 v27

Example 3 Introduction of Changes in the Constant Regions of Heavy and Light Chain of the Chimeric 5F1 Antibody

To facilitate antibody production and purification, pcDNA5-FRT-hIgG1 (generated at AbGenomics) which contains the constant regions of human IgG1 heavy chain and kappa light chain, was used to express chimeric 5F1 (c5F1). The variable regions of m5F1 heavy chain and light chain genes were amplified separately by PCR using primer pairs of m5F1HC-XbaI f/m5F1HC-XbaI r and m5F1LC-XbaI f/m5F1LC-XbaI r (Table 6, primers A3/A7 and A8/A9), respectively. The PCR products were digested by XbaI and sequentially inserted into pcDNA5-FRT-hIgG1. The completely assembled c5F1 expression plasmid c5F1/pcDNA5-FRT-hIgG1, containing both the heavy chain gene and light chain gene of c5F1, was used to express non-modified c5F1 antibody. The same plasmid was also used as the template for the introduction of c5F1 modification.

PCR-based site-directed mutagenesis with primers (Table 6) introducing mutations into the genes of c5F1/pcDNA5-FRT-hIgG1 was used to generate the constructs with deletion (v15) or S substitution (v16) at residue 220 (Eu numbering), using QuikChange Multi Site Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Stratagene, Cat#200531-5) following manufacturer's instruction. The oligonucletide M1(5′-CAGAGCCCAAATCTGACAAAACTCACAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:47)) was used to delete Cys at residue 220 (v15), and the oligonucletide M2 (5′-CAGAGCCCAAATCTTCTGACAAAACTCACAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:48)) was used to make Ser substitution at residue 220(v16). To obviate the possibility of random mutations introduced by PCR during site-directed mutagenesis, the DNA fragments containing modification were excised with AgeI (within CH1 region) and XmaI (within CH3 region), and re-cloned into original c5F1/pcDNA5-FRT-hIgG1, to replace the original unmodified regions.

Alternatively, over-lapping PCR was also used to generate all the rest modifications (Table 3-6). In brief, two PCR reactions were used to generate two fragments of DNA products which contain the desired mutations, and which share an over-lapping sequence of at least 20 nucleotides. The two PCR products are then mixed, denatured and allowed to re-anneal. Another PCR reaction with the two outer primers (from the previous two PCR) was then used to amplify the assembled, full length DNA fragment. For example, for v1, primer pairs A4/M23 and M24/A3 (Table 6) were used to generate the first two fragments by PCR. The two PCR fragments were then mixed, re-annealed, and the outer primer (A3 and A4) were used to generate the full length PCR product. Finally, the DNA fragments containing modification were re-cloned into original c5F1/pcDNA5-FRT-hIgG1. Fragment containing CH1 modification was re-cloned via XbaI (within beginning of heavy chain V region) and AgeI (within CH1 region) sites. Fragment containing Hinge modification was re-cloned via AgeI (within CH1 region) and XmaI (within CH3 region) sites. For making c-terminal modification of light chain, the PCR products were cloned via AvrII (within end of light chain V region) and BamHI (within downstream of light chain coding sequence) sites, to replace the original unmodified sequences.

The plasmids with or without modification were then transfected into Flp-In-CHO cells (Invitrogen, Cat no. R758-07) by lipofetamine 2000 (Invitrogen, Cat no. 11668-019). The culture medium containing unmodified or modified c5F1 antibodies were collected, and the antibody purified by Protein A. The purified antibody was tested for the binding and apoptosis-inducing activity in COL0205 cells.

Binding Assay

Purified m5F1, c5F1-v0, c5F1-v15 and c5F1-v16 antibodies at the concentration ranging from 0.125 to 4 ug/ml were added to 1.5×10⁵ COLO 205 cells and incubated for 30 min at 4° C., washed for twice with PBS containing 2% FBS and 0.05% NaN₃, followed by incubation with 1 μg/ml of corresponding secondary antibodies (R-PE-conjugated goat F(ab′)2 anti-mouse IgG(H+L), Southern Biotech, Cat. No. 1032-09; or R-PE-conjugated goat anti-human IgG, Southern Biotech, Cat. No. 2040-09) at 4° C. for 30 min. At the end of staining, samples were washed twice with PBS containing 2% FBS and 0.05% NaN₃ and analyzed by flow cytometer. All flow cytometric analyses were performed on a BD-LSR flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson) using the Cell Quest software.

Apoptosis Assay

1.5×10⁵ of COLO 205 cells were seeded into the wells of 96-well plates. Aliquots of purified m5F1, c5F1-v0, c5F1-v15, c5F1-v16 and control antibodies at the concentration ranging from 2 to 32 ug/ml were prepared freshly in culture medium and added to each well. The sample treated with m9E10 and h16C11A were used as isotype control. The treated cells were kept at 37° incubator for 6 h before FACS analysis for apoptosis. For cellular apoptosis assay, Annexin V staining was measured using Annexin-V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit (Strong Biotech, Cat. No. AVK250) following the manufacturer's instruction. In brief, the treated cells were harvested and resuspended in Annexin V binding buffer containing Annexin V-FITC at room temperature. After 15 min incubation in the dark, the cells were washed twice with 200 μl of Annexin V binding buffer. Before FACS analysis, 0.25 μg/ml of propidium iodide (PI) was added. All flow cytometric analyses were performed on a BD-LSR flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson) using the Cell Quest software. The Annexin VI positive and/or PI positive cells are considered apoptotic cells.

TABLE 6 Primers used for introducing mutations in c5F1 gene PRIMER SEQUENCE PRIMER NAME (5′ → 3′) SEQ ID NO (A1) hIgG1 CH1 f ACCACCTCTCTTGCAGC SEQ ID NO: 38 CTC (A2) hIgG1 CH3 r CATTGCTCTCCCACTC SEQ ID NO: 39 AC (A3) m5F1HC-  TCTATCTAGATGGAATG SEQ ID NO: 40 XbaI f GAGTTGGATATTTCTCT TTC (A4) hIgG1  ATATGGCTCTTGGCAGG SEQ ID NO: 41 intron r TCT (A5) pcDNA5FRT- GGGAGATCTGGATCCTA SEQ ID NO: 42 hG1LC 3′ GAAG BamHI/Bg1II-r (A6) m5F1 LC TAATCCTAGGAATTCTA SEQ ID NO: 43 AvrII-f AACTCTG (A7) m5F1HC- ACCCTCTAGAGGTTGTG SEQ ID NO: 44 XbaI r AGGACTCACCTGAGGAG ACTGTGAGAGTGGTGCC (A8) m5F1LC- TCTATCTAGATGAAGTT SEQ ID NO: 45 XbaI f GCCTGTTAGGCTG (A9) m5F1LC-XbaI ACCCTCTAGAATTAGGA SEQ ID NO: 46 AAGTGCACTTACGTTTC AGCTCCAGC (M1) hIgG1 hinge CAGAGCCCAAATCTGAC SEQ ID NO: 47 d220C-f (v15) AAAACTCACAC (M2) hIgG1 hinge CAGAGCCCAAATCTTCT SEQ ID NO: 48 C2205-f (v16) GACAAAACTCACAC (M3) hIgG1 hinge GAGCCCAAATCTGACAA SEQ ID NO: 49 KSD f (v19) ATCTTGTGACAAAACTC ACAC (M4) hIgG1 hinge GATTTGTCAGATTTGGG SEQ ID NO: 50 KSD r (v19) CTCTGCAGAGAGAAGAT TGG (M5) hIgG1 hinge TGTGACAAATCTGACAA SEQ ID NO: 51 SDK f (v20) AACTCACACATGCCCAC CGTGCC (M6) hIgG1 hinge GTTTTGTCAGATTTGTC SEQ ID NO: 52 SDK r (v20) ACAAGATTTGGGCTCTG CAGAGAG (M7) hIgG1 hinge AACTCACACAGGTCCAC SEQ ID NO: 53 C226G f CGTGCCCAGGTAAGCCA GCCCAG (M8) hIgG1 hinge CACGGTGGACCTGTGTG SEQ ID NO: 54 C226G r AGTTTTGTCAGAAGATT TGGGCT (M9) hIgG1 hinge CACACAGGTTCTTCATG SEQ ID NO: 55 ²²⁶CPP → GSS f CCCAGGTAAGCCAGCCC ACGCCT (M10) hIgG1 hinge GGGCATGAAGAACCTGT SEQ ID NO: 56 ²²⁶CPP → GSS r GTGAGTTTTGTCAGAAG ATTTGG (M11) hIgG1 hinge CTCCCCCAGGTTCTTCA SEQ ID NO: 57 ²²⁴HTCPP → PPGSS f TGCCCAGGTAAGCCAGC CCAGGC (M12) hIgG1 hinge GCATGAAGAACCTGGGG SEQ ID NO: 58 ²²⁴HTCPP→PPGSS r GAGTTTTGTCAGAAGAT TTGGGC (M13) hIgG1 hinge CTGGGGGGGTACTGGGC SEQ ID NO: 59 mIgG3 r TTGGGTATTCTGGGCTC ²¹⁸KSCDKTHTCPP → TGCAGAGAGAAGATT RIPKPSTPPGSS) (M14) hIgG1 hinge CAAGCCCAGTACCCCCC SEQ ID NO: 60 mIgG3 f CAGGTTCTTCATGCCCA (²¹⁸KSCDKTHTCPP → GGTAAGCCAGCCCAG RIPKPSTPPGSS) (M15) hIgG1 hinge AGCCCAAATCTTCTTGT SEQ ID NO: 61 ²¹⁸KSCDK → GACAAAACTCACAC KSSCDK f (v17) (M16) hIgG1 hinge GTCACAAGAAGATTTGG SEQ ID NO: 62 ²¹⁸KSCDK → GCTCTGCAGAGAGAA KSSCDK r (v17) (M17) hIgG1 hinge GCCCAAATGTTCTGACA SEQ ID NO: 63 ²¹⁸KSCDK → AAACTCACACATGCCC KCSDK f (v18) (M18) hIgG1 hinge TTTTGTCAGAACATTTG SEQ ID NO: 64 ²¹⁸KSCDK → GGCTCTGCAGAGAGAA KCSDK r (v18) (M19) hIgG1 CH1 AGGTGTCACTGCAGCCG SEQ ID NO: 65 (¹³¹SSKS → GCSD)r GGTGCCAGGGGGAAGAC CGAT (M20) hIgG1 CH1 ACCCGGCTGCAGTGACA SEQ ID NO: 66 (¹³¹SSKS → GCSD)f CCTCTGGGGGCACAGCG GCCC (M21) hIgG1 CH1 TGTCACTGCAGCCGGGG SEQ ID NO: 67 (¹²⁹APSSKS → ACCAGGGGGAAGACCGA VPGCSD)r TGGGC (M22) hIgG1 CH1 GGTCCCCGGCTGCAGTG SEQ ID NO: 68 (¹²⁹APSSKS → ACACCTCTGGGGGCACA VPGCSD)f GCGGC (M23) hIgG1 CH1 CCTGGCACCCTGCTCCA SEQ ID NO: 69 S131C f AGAGCACCTCTGGGGGC ACA (M24) hIgG1 CH1 AGGTGCTCTTGGAGCAG SEQ ID NO: 70 S131C r GGTGCCAGGGGGAAGAC CGAT (M25) hIgG1 CH1 CCTGGCACCCTGCTCCA SEQ ID NO: 71 ¹³¹SSK → CSR f GGAGCACCTCTGGGGGC ACAGCG (M26) hIgG1 CH1 CAGAGGTGCTCCTGGAG SEQ ID NO: 72 ¹³¹SSK → CSR r CAGGGTGCCAGGGGGAA GACCGA (M27) LC_GGGG-r CACTCTCCACCACCTCC SEQ ID NO: 73 TCCCCTGTTGAAGCTCT TTG (M28) LC_GGGG-f GGGGAGGAGGTGGTGGA SEQ ID NO: 74 GAGTGTTAGAGGGAGAA GTG (M29) LC_GGG-r ACACTCTCCACCTCCTCC SEQ ID NO: 75 CCTGTTGAAGCTCTTTG (M30) LC_GGG-f AGGGGAGGAGGTGGAGAG SEQ ID NO: 76 TGTTAGAGGGAGAAGTG (M31) LC_GG-r AACACTCTCCTCCTCCC SEQ ID NO: 77 CTGTTGAAGCTCTTTG (M32) LC_GG-f CAGGGGAGGAGGAGAGT SEQ ID NO: 78 GTTAGAGGGAGAAGTG (M33) LC_G-r AACACTCTCCTCCCCTG SEQ ID NO: 79 TTGAAGCTCTTTG (M34) LC_G-f CAGGGGAGGAGAGTGTT SEQ ID NO: 80 AGAGGGAGAAGTG (M35) LC_GE-r AACACTCTCCCTCTCCC SEQ ID NO: 81 CTGTTGAAGCTCTTTG (M36) LC_GE-f CAGGGGAGAGGGAGAGT SEQ ID NO: 82 GTTAGAGGGAGAAGTG (M37) LC_GGE-r CACTCTCCCTCACCTCCC SEQ ID NO: 83 CTGTTGAAGCTCTTTGTG (M38) LC_GGE-f CAGGGGAGGTGAGGGAG SEQ ID NO: 84 AGTGTTAGAGGGAGAAG (M39) LC_GGGE-r CACTCTCCCTCACCACC SEQ ID NO: 85 TCCCCTGTTGAAGCTCT TTGTG (M40) LC_GGGE-f CAGGGGAGGTGGTGAGG SEQ ID NO: 86 GAGAGTGTTAGAGGGAG AAG Result

The binding and apoptosis-inducing effects of variant 5F1 antibodies from flow cytometric analysis are shown in FIG. 3 and Table 7 below. c5F1-v0, c5F1-v15 and c5F1-v16 bind COLO 205 cells and induce apoptosis in COLO 205 cells, just as their mouse counterpart m5F1. c5F1-v15 and c5F1-v16 bind to COL0205 cells relatively less compared to c5F1. For apoptosis induction, the effect observed in c5F1-v0 treated cells was not as efficient as m5F1. However, when the hinge modified forms (c5F1-yl5 and c5F1-v16) were used, the apoptosis-inducing activity was restored. Both c5F1-yl5 and c5F1-v16 induced apoptosis in COLO205 cells almost as efficient as m5F1, despite that the binding activity of c5F1-yl5 and c5F1-v16 to COLO 205 cells seemed to be lower than that of c5F1-v0. The isotype control antibodies 9E10 (mouse Ig control) and h16C11A (human Ig control) at 32 ug/ml did not induce apoptosis in COLO 205 cells.

TABLE 7 Six-hour apoptosis assay by 5F1 antibodies in COLO 205 (ug/ml) 2 4 8 16 32 m5F1 35 53 76 92 93 c5F1 v0 33 46 68 78 c5F1 v15 64 82 93 96 c5F1 v16 58 78 92 96 m9E10 23 h16C11A 25 (% of Annexin V and/or PI positive cells)

Example 4 Humanization of 5F1 Antibodies

Humanized version of 5F1 are also developed (FIG. 4) and incorporated into the expression plasmids with constant region modifications (see Example 2 and 3).

Complementarity-determining region (CDR) grafting was used to generate the variable region of humanized 5F1 (h5F1M), in which the CDRs of mouse 5F1 variable region was incorporated into a framework of a human IgG1 variable region (the acceptor antibody) by recombinant DNA technology. To determine the best fit acceptor antibody for murine 5F1, the sequences of the variable region of murine 5F1 was analyzed together with the immunoglobulin database generated in AbGenomics. Murine antibody M195 (Man Sung Co et al. J. Immunol. 148(4):1149-1154 (Feb. 15, 1992)) showed best-fit for murine 5F1. Human antibody Eu (Man Sung Co et al. J. Immunol. 148(4):1149-1154 (Feb. 15, 1992)) was in consequence selected as the acceptor antibody. Nucleotide sequences were designed and synthesized to generate a humanized 5F1 version with the three CDR regions of murine 5F1 incorporated into the framework of the variable regions of antibody Eu.

To engineer each V gene of h5F1M, four pairs oligonucleotides of 55-70 bases in length, which sequentially share overlapping regions of at least 18 nucleotides, were synthesized (Table 8. For heavy chain:H1-H8, for light chain:L1-L8). The assembly and amplification of the entire V genes were conducted in four steps: 1) the four pairs of complementary oligonucleotides (for heavy chain:H1/H2, H3/H4, H5/H6 and H7/H8; for light chain: L1/L2, L3/L4, L5/L6 and L7/L8) were annealed and the 3′ recess regions were filled in with Klenow fragment in separate reactions to generate four double stranded DNA(dsDNA) fragments; 2) the resulting four dsDNA fragments were mixed pairwise, denatured, re-annealed, and the 3′ recess filled in two separate reactions to generate two dsDNA fragments; 3) the resulting two dsDNA fragments were mixed, denatured, re-annealed, and the 3′ recess filled in to create the full length dsDNA; and 4) PCR reaction with two outer primers (for heavy chain: A10 and A11, for light chain: A12 and A13 (Table 8), which contain the XbaI site, was then used to amplify the assembled VL and VH fragments.

The XbaI-containing VH and VL fragments were then inserted into pcDNA5-FRT-hIgG1vector via NheI site and AvrII site for heavy chain and light chain, respectively. The completely assembled h5F1M expression plasmid h5F1M/pcDNA5-FRT-hIgG1, containing both the heavy chain and light chain gene of h5F1M, was used to express non-modified h5F1M antibody. The same plasmid was also used as the template for the introduction of h5F1M modifications (FIG. 4).

The Modification of h5F1-M.

Overlapping PCR and PCR-based site-directed mutagenesis are used to modify the variable region of h5F1-M (FIG. 4) using primers listed in Table 8 and 9. The h5F1 variable regions, unmodified or modified, are incorporated to human IgG constant region (unmodified or modified) as mentioned in Example 2-3. The expression plasmids are then transfected into CHO cells. The supernatants are collected and the antibodies purified by protein A. The purified antibodies are tested for the binding and apoptosis-inducing function in COL0205 cells.

TABLE 8 The list of the primers used in the engineering of variants of humanized 5F1 antibodies. PRIMER PRIMER SEQUENCE NAME (5′ → 3′) SEQ ID NO (A10) 5F1MH- TCTATCTAGATGGGATGGAGCT SEQ ID NO: 97 A (65 mer) GGATCTTTCTCTTCCTCCTGTC AGGTACCGCGGGCGTGCACTC (A11) 5F1MH- ACCCTCTAGAGGTTGTGAGGAC SEQ ID NO: 98 B (56 mer) TCACCTGAGGAGACTGTGACCA GGGTTCCTTGGC (H1) 5F1MH- GTCAGGTACCGCGGGCGTGCAC SEQ ID NO: 99 1f (69 mer) TCTCAGGTCCAGCTTGTCCAGT CTGGGGCTGAAGTCAAGAAACC TGG (H2) 5F1MH- AGTAAAGGTGTAGCCAGAAGCC SEQ ID NO: 100 2r (66 mer) TTGCAGGAGACCTTCACGCTCG AGCCAGGTTTCTTGACTTCAGC (H3) 5F1MH- GCTTCTGGCTACACCTTTACTA SEQ ID NO: 101 3f (67 mer) GCTATGTTATGCACTGGGTAAG GCAGGCCCCTGGACAGGGTCTG G (H4) 5F1MH- TTGTACTGAGTACCACCATTGT SEQ ID NO: 102 4r (66 mer) AAGGATTAATATATCCAATCCA TTCCAGACCCTGTCCAGGGGCC (H5) 5F1MH- ATGGTGGTACTCAGTACAATGA SEQ ID NO: 103 5f (62 mer) GAAGTTCAAAGGCAAGGCCACA ATTACTGCAGACGAATCC (H6) 5F1MH- CCTCAGATCTCAGGCTGCTCAG SEQ ID NO: 104 6r (63 mer) TTCCATGTAGGCTGTATTGGTG GATTCGTCTGCAGTAATTG (H7) 5F1MH- GAGCAGCCTGAGATCTGAGGAC SEQ ID NO: 105 7f (64 mer) ACCGCAGTCTATTACTGTGCAA GACGGACCTTCCCGTACTAC (H8) 5F1MH- TGAGGAGACTGTGACCAGGGTT SEQ ID NO: 106 8r (60 mer) CCTTGGCCCCAGTAGTCAAAGT AGTACGGGAAGGTCCG (A12) 5F1ML- TCTATCTAGATGGAGACCGATA SEQ ID NO: 107 A (59 mer) CCCTCCTGCTATGGGTCCTCCT GCTATGGGTCCCAGG (A13) 5F1ML- ACCCTCTAGAATTAGGAAAGTG SEQ ID NO: 108 B (58 mer) CACTTACGTTTCAGCTCCACCT TGGTCCCCTGACCG (L1) 5F1ML- TCCTGCTATGGGTCCCAGGATC SEQ ID NO: 109 1f (62 mer) AACCGGAGATATTCAGATGACC CAGTCTCCATCTTCCCTC (L2) 5F1ML- GATCTGCAGGTTATGGTGACCC SEQ ID NO: 110 2r (60 mer) TATCCCCGACGCTAGCAGAGAG GGAAGATGGAGACTGG (L3) 5F1ML- CACCATAACCTGCAGATCTAGT SEQ ID NO: 111 3f (64 mer) CAGAGCATTTTACATAGTAATG GAAACACCTATTTAGAATGG (L4) 5F1ML- GATTAGAAGCTTGGGAGCTTTG SEQ ID NO: 112 4r (60 mer) CCTGGCTTCTGCTGGTACCATT CTAAATAGGTGTTTCC (L5) 5F1ML- GCTCCCAAGCTTCTAATCTATA SEQ ID NO: 113 5f (66 mer) AAGTTTCCAACCGATTTTCTGG AGTCCCTTCACGCTTCAGTGGC (L6) 5F1ML- GCAGAGAGCTGATTGTGAGGGT SEQ ID NO: 114 6r (61 mer) GAAATCGGTCCCAGATCCACTG CCACTGAAGCGTGAAGG (L7) 5F1ML- CTCACAATCAGCTCTCTGCAGC SEQ ID NO: 115 7f (56 mer) CAGATGATTTCGCCACTTATTA CTGCTTTCAAGG (L8) 5F1ML- CCACCTTGGTCCCCTGACCGAA SEQ ID NO: 116 8r (63 mer) CGTGAGAGGAGCATGTGAACCT TGAAAGCAGTAATAAGTGG (A14) h5F1AL ACCCTCTAGAATTAGGAAAGTG SEQ ID NO: 117 C-B r CACTTACGTTTGATCTCCACCT (58 mer) TGGTCCCCTGACCG (M41) h5F1A/ GCAGCCTGACATCTGAGGACAG SEQ ID NO: 118 M/D HC- CGC R106T, T110S f (M42) h5F1A/ GACTGCGCTGTCCTCAGATGTC SEQ ID NO: 119 M/D HC- AGGCTGCTCAGTTCCATG R106T, T1110S r (M43) h5F1M TTGGTGGATGTGTCTGCAGTAA SEQ ID NO: 120 HC E93T-r TTGTGGCCT (M44) h5F1M ACTGCAGACACATCCACCAATA SEQ ID NO: 121 HC E93T-f CAGCCTACA (M45) h5F1M TCCCAGATCCTCAGCCTCCACT SEQ ID NO: 122 LC Fw3-r CTGCTGATCTTGAGGGTGAAAT CGGTCCCA (M46) h5F1M AGAGTGGAGGCTGAGGATCTGG SEQ ID NO: 123 LC Fw3-f GAACTTATTACTGCTTTCAAGG (M47) h5F1A- GACACATCCTCCAGTACAGCCT SEQ ID NO: 124 HC A95S-f ACATGGAA (M48) h5F1A- GCTGTACTGGAGGATGTGTCTG SEQ ID NO: 125 HC A95S-r AAGTAATTG (M49) h5F1A TCCCAGATCTTCAGCCTCCACT SEQ ID NO: 126 LC Fw3-r CTGCTGATCTTGAGGGTGAAAT CGGTCCCAGATC (M50) h5F1A AGAGTGGAGGCTGAAGATCTGG SEQ ID NO: 127 LC Fw3-f GAACTTATTACTGCTTTCAAGG (M51) h5F1A GTCAAGAAACCTGGCGCGAGCG SEQ ID NO: 128 HC-S35A f TGAAGGTC (M52) h5F1A CAAAGGCAGGGTCACAATTACT SEQ ID NO: 129 HC-K86R, GCAGACGAATC A87V f (M53) h5F1A TAATTGTGACCCTGCCTTTGAA SEQ ID NO: 130 HC-K86R, CTTCTCATTG A87V r (M54) h5F1A TTCAGACACATCCGCCAGTACA SEQ ID NO: 131 HC-A91S, GCCTACATGGAACTGAG E93T, T95A, N96S f (M55) h5F1A TACTGGCGGATGTGTCTGAAGT SEQ ID NO: 132 HC-A91S, AATTGTGACCCTGCCTTTG E93T, T95A, N96S r (M56) h5F1A AGCGTCTGGAATGGATGGGATA SEQ ID NO: 133 HC-G63R, TATTAATCCTTACAA I67M f (M57) h5F1A TCCCATCCATTCCAGACGCTGT SEQ ID NO: 134 HC-G63R, CCAGGGGCCTGCCTTA I67M r (M58) h5F1A GGACCGATTTCACCTTCACAAT SEQ ID NO: 135 LC-L98F f CAGCTCTC (M59) h5F1A CAGCCAGAAGATATCGCCACTT SEQ ID NO: 136 LC-D106E, ATTACTGCTTT F107I f (M60) h5F1A GTGGCGATATCTTCTGGCTGCA SEQ ID NO: 137 LC-D106E, GAGAGCTGAT F107I r

TABLE 9 The primers for modifying h5F1M. VH VL Amplification Amplification Mutation primer primer Mutation primer primer h5F1M Va M41/M42 A10/A11 — — h5F1M Vs M41/M42, M43/M44 A10/A11 M45/M46 A12/A13 h5F1A Va M41/M42, M51, A10/A11 M58, M59/M60 A12/A14 M52/M53, M54/M55, M56/M57, h5F1A Vs M51, M52/M53, A10/A11 M58, M59/M60, A12/A14 M54/M55, M49/M50 M56/M57, M41/M42, M47/M48

Example 5 Characterization of Chimeric 5F1 Variants

Binding of Antibodies to Colo205 Cells

Purified m5F1, c5F1-v0, c5F1-yl7, c5F1-v24 and c5F1-v25 antibodies at 1 ug/ml were added to 2×10⁵ Colo 205 cells and incubated for 30 min at 4° C., washed for twice with PBS containing 1% FBS, followed by incubation with 1 ug/ml of corresponding secondary antibodies (R-PE-conjugated goat F(ab′)2 anti-mouse IgG(H+L), Southern Biotech, Cat. No. 1032-09; or R-PE-conjugated goat anti-human IgG, Southern Biotech, Cat. No. 2040-09) at 4° C. for 30 min. At the end of staining, samples were washed twice with PBS containing 1% FBS and 0.05% NaN₃ and analyzed by flow cytometer. All flow cytometric analyses were performed on a BD-LSR flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson) using the Cell Quest software. The data in Table 10 indicated that all the tested versions of 5F1 antibodies could bind to Colo205 cells.

TABLE 10 Binding to Colo205 cells Median Fluorescence Antibodies Intensity (MFI) mIgG3 7 m5F1 800 hIgG1 6 c5F1v0 2760 c5F1v17 2303 c5F1v24 3134 c5F1v25 3174 Apoptosis Assay

1.5×10⁵ of Colo205 cells were seeded into the wells of 96-well plates. Aliquots of purified m5F1, c5F1, c5F1-v17, c5F1-v24, c5F1-v25 and control antibodies at the concentration ranging from 8 to 32 ug/ml were prepared freshly in culture medium and added to each well. The treated cells were kept at 37° incubator for 6 h before FACS analysis for apoptosis. For cellular apoptosis assay, Annexin V staining was measured using Annexin-V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit (Strong Biotech, Cat. No. AV 250) following the manufacturer's instruction. In brief, the treated cells were harvested and resuspended in Annexin V binding buffer containing Annexin V-FITC at room temperature. After 15 min incubation in the dark, the cells were washed twice with 200 ul of Annexin V binding buffer. Before FACS analysis, 0.25 ug/ml of propidium iodide (PI) was added. All flow cytometric analyses were performed on a BD-LSR flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson) using the Cell Quest software. The Annexin VI positive and/or PI positive cells are considered apoptotic cells. The data in Table 11 showed all the tested versions of 5F1 antibodies could induce apoptosis in Colo205 cells.

TABLE 11 (a, b). Apoptosis inductions in Colo205 cells. 8 ug/ml 16 ug/ml 32 ug/ml (a) Exp. 1. m5F1 88 92 92 c5F1v0 34 60 70 c5F1v24 33 52 62 c5F1v25 26 43 50 mIgG1 17 hIgG1 18 (b) Exp. 2 m5F1 89 94 96 c5F1v0 54 63 69 c5F1v17 51 56 60 mIgG1 26 hIgG1 27 (% of Annexin V and/or PI positive cells) Xenograft Study

5×10⁶ Colo205 cells were implanted subcutaneously into the hind flank region of 6-7 week-old SCID mice on day 0. Treatment with intraperitoneal injection of antibodies at 30 mg/kg started on day 0 after tumor-cell inoculation and was repeated on days 4, 7, 11, 14, and 18. Six mice were used in each group of the experiment. Tumor growth was assessed based on twice-weekly measurement of tumor volume (mm³) by calipers and the tumor size was calculated using the formula: π/6×larger diameter×(smaller diameter)² (Kievit E, Cancer Research, 60:6649-55). Mice were sacrificed on day 21 and the tumors were isolated and the weight measured. The results shown in Table 12 indicated that anti-tumor effects of all antibodies tested compared to PBS treatment.

TABLE 12 Xenograft study. Tumor size (mm³) Tumor weight (g) PBS 521.695 ± 129.006 0.3228 ± 0.0707  c5F1v17 (30 mg/kg × 6) 169.698 ± 68.798* 0.0925 ± 0.0360* c5F1v24 (30 mg/kg × 6)  44.108 ± 37.382* 0.0170 ± 0.0154* c5F1v25 (30 mg/kg × 6) 111.093 ± 56.051* 0.0682 ± 0.0320* *P < 0.01 compared to PBS treatment on Day 21 (Student's t-test). Synergistic Effect of 5F1 Antibodies in Combination with Oxaliplatin in Inducing Apoptosis of Colo205 Cells

1.4×10⁵ of Colo205 cells were seeded into the wells of 96-well plates. Aliquots of Oxaliplatin reconstituted in 5% glucose solution were prepared freshly and added to each well at the final concentration of 1 and 10 ug/ml, along or in combination with aliquots of purified c5F1-v17, c5F1-v24, c5F1-v25 and control antibodies at the final concentrations of 10 and 30 ug/ml. The treated cells were kept at 37° incubator for 24 h before FACS analysis for apoptosis. For cellular apoptosis assay, Annexin V staining was measured using Annexin-V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit (Strong Biotech, Cat. No. AV 250) following the manufacturer's instruction. In brief, the treated cells were harvested and resuspended in Annexin V binding buffer containing Annexin V-FITC at room temperature. After 15 min incubation in the dark, the cells were washed twice with 200 ul of Annexin V binding buffer. Before FACS analysis, 0.5 ul of propidium iodide (PI) was added. All flow cytometric analyses were performed on a BD-LSR flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson) using the Cell Quest software. The Annexin V positive and/or PI positive cells are considered apoptotic cells. The data in Table 13 showed synergistic effect of all 5F1 antibodies tested in combination with Oxaliplatin in the induction of apoptosis in Colo205 cancer cells.

TABLE 13 Effects of 5F1 antibodies in combination with Oxaliplatin Oxaliplatin Oxaliplatin Oxaliplatin % apoptosis* 0 1 ug/ml 10 ug/ml Antibody 0 0 2 6 HIg 30 ug/ml 1 4 2 c5F1v17 10 ug/ml 27 30 46 c5F1v17 30 ug/ml 49 55 62 c5F1v24 10 ug/ml 19 30 42 c5F1v24 30 ug/ml 31 49 54 c5F1v25 10 ug/ml 20 35 53 c5F1v25 30 ug/ml 44 54 63 *Background subtracted. Binding and Apoptosis Induction of m5F1 Antibody to SU86.86 Pancreatic Cancer Cells

Purified m5F1 and control antibodies at 1 ug/ml were added to 2×10⁵ SU.86.86 cells and incubated for 1 hour at 4° C., washed twice with PBS containing 1% FBS, followed by incubation with 1 ug/ml of corresponding secondary antibodies (R-PE-conjugated goat F(ab′)2 anti-mouse IgG(H+L), Southern Biotech, Cat. No. 1032-09) at 4° C. for 1 hour. At the end of staining, samples were washed twice with PBS containing 1% FBS and analyzed by flow cytometer. All flow cytometric analyses were performed on a BD-LSR flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson) using the Cell Quest software.

TABLE 14 Binding of 5F1 to SU.86.86 cells Antibodies MFI 2^(nd) alone 6 m5F1 131

2×10⁵ of SU86.86 cells were seeded into the wells of 12-well plates. Aliquots of purified m5F1 at the concentration ranging from 2 to 32 ug/ml were prepared freshly in culture medium and added to each well. Control antibody at 32 ug/ml was included for background signal measurement. The treated cells were kept at 37° incubator for 6 h before FACS analysis for apoptosis. For cellular apoptosis assay, Annexin V staining was measured using Annexin-V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit (Strong Biotech, Cat. No. AVK250) following the manufacturer's instruction. In brief, the treated cells were harvested and resuspended in Annexin V binding buffer containing Annexin V-FITC at room temperature. After 15 min incubation in the dark, the cells were washed twice with 200 μl of Annexin V binding buffer. Before FACS analysis, 0.25 μg/ml of propidium iodide (PI) was added. All flow cytometric analyses were performed on a BD-LSR flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson) using the Cell Quest software. The Annexin VI positive and/or PI positive cells are considered apoptotic cells.

TABLE 15 Apoptosis induction of SU.86.86 by m5F1 antibody 0 2 ug/ml 4 ug/ml 8 ug/ml 16 ug/ml 32 ug/ml mIgG1 ND ND ND ND ND 36 m5F1 36 60 72 78 89 91 (% of Annexin V and/or PI positive cells)

The data shown in Tables 14 and 15 showed that m5F1 could bind to pancreatic cancer cell line SU.86/86, and binding of m5F1 induced apoptosis in SU.86.86 cells.

Binding experiments were carried out for antibodies c5F1.v15, c5F1.v16, and c5F1.v24. These antibodies showed significant binding to SU.86.86 cells. Apoptosis assay was carried out for antibody c5F1.v15. Data indicated that this antibody at 8 ug/ml and 32 ug/ml induced apoptosis of SU.86.86 cells only in the presence of a cross-linker mouse anti-human IgG which is Fcγ fragment specific (Jackson ImmunoResearch 209-005-098).

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1. An isolated antibody that specifically binds to an epitope on a CD43 or a carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) expressed by a nonhematopoietic cancer cell, said antibody comprising a heavy chain and a light chain, wherein (a) the heavy chain comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the three complementary determining regions (CDRs) from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, and a heavy chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9, wherein the hinge region of the heavy chain constant region comprises at least one amino acid insertion, deletion or substitution; and (b) the light chain comprises a light chain variable region comprising the three complementary determining regions (CDRs) from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, and a light chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:10 and further comprising at least one amino acid insertion in the constant region.
 2. The antibody of claim 1, wherein the antibody is a humanized antibody.
 3. The antibody of claim 1, wherein the antibody is a chimeric antibody.
 4. An antibody that specifically binds to an epitope on a CD43 or a carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) expressed by a nonhematopoietic cancer cell, said antibody comprising a heavy chain and a light chain, wherein (a) the heavy chain comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the three complementary determining regions (CDRs) from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, and a heavy chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:11-30, and (b) the light chain comprises a light chain variable region comprising the three complementary determining regions (CDRs) from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, and a light chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:10 and 31-37.
 5. The antibody of claim 4, wherein the heavy chain constant region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:27.
 6. The antibody of claim 4, wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of residues 20-137 of SEQ ID NO:1 and the heavy chain constant region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:27, and the light chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of residues 20-131 of SEQ ID NO:2 and the light chain constant region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:10.
 7. The antibody of claim 4, wherein the heavy chain constant region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:29.
 8. The antibody of claim 4, wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of residues 20-137 of SEQ ID NO:1 and the heavy chain constant region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:29, and the light chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of residues 20-131 of SEQ ID NO:2 and the light chain constant region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:34.
 9. The antibody of claim 4, wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of residues 20-137 of SEQ ID NO:1 and the heavy chain constant region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:29, and the light chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of residues 20-131 of SEQ ID NO:2 and the light chain constant region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:35.
 10. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of claim 1, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 11. An antibody that specifically binds to an epitope on a CD43 or a carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) expressed by a nonhematopoietic cancer cell, wherein the antibody is produced by a method comprising expressing one or more polynucleotides encoding the heavy and light chain of the antibody of claim 1 in a host cell, and recovering the antibody produced by the host cell.
 12. The antibody of claim 4, wherein the antibody is a humanized antibody.
 13. The antibody of claim 12, wherein the heavy chain constant region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:27, and the light chain constant region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:10.
 14. The antibody of claim 12, wherein the heavy chain constant region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:29, and the light chain constant region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:34.
 15. The antibody of claim 12, wherein the heavy chain constant region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:29, and the light chain constant region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:35.
 16. The antibody of claim 4, wherein the antibody is a chimeric antibody.
 17. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of claim 4, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 18. An antibody that specifically binds to an epitope on a CD43 or a carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) expressed by a nonhematopoietic cancer cell, wherein the antibody is produced by a method comprising: (1) expressing in a host cell, one or more polynucleotides comprising (a) a nucleic acid sequence encoding a heavy chain comprising a heavy chain variable region comprising the three CDRs from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and a heavy chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:11-30; and (b) a nucleic acid sequence encoding a light chain comprising a light chain variable region comprising the three CDRs from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 and a constant region comprising the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:10 and 31-37, wherein the heavy chain and the light chain are expressed in said host cell; (2) recovering the antibody expressed by said host cell.
 19. A kit comprising a pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 20. The kit of claim 19, wherein the kit further comprises a package insert comprising instructions for administering the pharmaceutical composition in conjunction with another anti-cancer agent to an individual for treating nonhematopoietic cancer.
 21. A kit comprising a first pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and a second pharmaceutical composition comprising another anti-cancer agent.
 22. The kit of claim 19, wherein the kit further comprises a package insert comprising instructions for administering an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition to an individual for treating nonhematopoietic cancer.
 23. The kit of claim 21, wherein the kit further comprises a package insert comprising instructions for administering the first pharmaceutical composition and the second pharmaceutical composition in conjunction to an individual for treating nonhematopoietic cancer.
 24. A kit comprising a pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of claim 4 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 25. The kit of claim 24, wherein the kit further comprises a package insert comprising instructions for administering an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition to an individual for treating nonhematopoietic cancer.
 26. The kit of claim 24, wherein the kit further comprises a package insert comprising instructions for administering the pharmaceutical composition in conjunction with another anti-cancer agent to an individual for treating nonhematopoietic cancer.
 27. A kit comprising a first pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of claim 4 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and a second pharmaceutical composition comprising another anti-cancer agent.
 28. The kit of claim 27, wherein the kit further comprises a package insert comprising instructions for administering the first pharmaceutical composition and the second pharmaceutical composition in conjunction to an individual for treating nonhematopoietic cancer.
 29. A method of producing an antibody, comprising culturing a host cell comprising one or more polynucleotides encoding the heavy and light chain of the antibody of claim 1, wherein the antibody is produced in the host cell, and recovering the antibody from the cell culture.
 30. A method of producing an antibody, comprising expressing in a host cell, (a) a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a heavy chain comprising a heavy chain variable region comprising the three CDRs from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and a heavy chain constant region comprising the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:11-30; and (b) a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a light chain comprising a light chain variable region comprising the three CDRs from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 and a constant region comprising the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS:10 and 31-37, wherein the polynucleotides encoding the heavy chain and light chain are co-expressed in said host cell.
 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the antibody is isolated from the cell culture.
 32. A method of producing an antibody, comprising culturing a host cell comprising one or more polynucleotides encoding the heavy and light chain of the antibody of claim 4, wherein the antibody is produced in the host cell; and recovering the antibody from the cell culture. 